Renaissance Period and the Start of Humanism :: European Europe History

The Renaissance Period and the Start of Humanism The Renaissance was an incredibly important turning point in westboundIntellectual and Cultural Tradition. All of these changes centered aroundthe idea of Humanism -- in which, people became less God Centered andmore Human-centered. I have narrowed down these changes, and willdiscuss in detail, these changes in three major categories Political,Education, and the Humanism of Arts. The major pollical changes of the Renaissance were from the old Feudal strategy of the Middle Ages into a more flexible and liberal class system.This was most noticeable in Italy (particularly in Florence), where thedivisions consisted of the old rich, the modern rich nobles, the middle class,and the get down middle class(The poor didnt count). This throwd greatconflict between these social divisions. The new rich consisted ofsuccessful merchants, capitalists, and bankers innovators of new systems ofmaking money. The Humanism philosophy was a lso a very popular with thepeople and many political leaders rose to high positions with support ofthese ideals. Three humanists even became chancellors of Florence -- theyused their rhetorical skills to strongly lambaste the people of Florenceagainst their enemies. The great changes in Education of the Renaissance were inspired atfirst, by the desire of Humanists to be wise and to speak eloquently. Theidea of useful raising for the people, and very well rounded schoolingin many different fields of learning were the new defined goals ofRenaissance education. People all everywhere (Especially in Florence) revivedthe Ancient Greek studies of Plato, Aristotle, and many others. Peoplebegan seriously questioning what these people said and re-developed theScientific Theory in which you didnt just approve whatever was said toyou, but you tested the truth of it. In the area of Humanism and the Arts, Renaissance Artists no longerwere subordinate to the interests and the value s of the Clergy, and wereable to create anything of their artistic will. Both men and women werenow able to appreciated arts beyond just religious themes. Artists couldalso now take returns of new techniques, such as oil painting and linearperspective to enhance the quality of their works. All of the greatartists of the time used became who they were solely because of this newartistic freedom that the Renaissance brought them. These artists alsocreated works that were more complex than before.

The Character Flaws of Macbeth Essay -- Macbeth essays

The Character Flaws of Macbeth Since The Tragedy of Macbeth was written there has been speculation about the cause of Macbeths downfall. Readers ponder whether Macbeths fall was caused by a flaw in his character, Lady Macbeth, or an outside force of evil. Although the witches set a certain mood and Lady Macbeth exerts a certain influence on him, Macbeths downfall is caused by his own character. Macbeths tragic flaw in character was the paradoxical pairing of his opposition with his passivity. Throughout the play we see many examples of Macbeths conflict between his ambition to attain the crown and his passive military strength towards the actions that are required to obtain it. Macbeths ambition is first illustrated in his susceptibility to the idea of becoming king, introduced by the witchs prophecies. When the witches realise Macbeth by saying, All hail, Macbeth That shall be king hereafter ( I, iii, 50) Banquo observes that Macbeth seems rapt (I, iii, 58) and Macbeth sa ys, Stay, you imperfect speakers, tell me more?say from whence you owe this strange intelligence??.Speak, I charge you (71-79). As scholar A. C Bradley observes, The words of the witches are fatal to Macbeth only because there is in him something which leaps into light at the sound of them ( 289). However, this ambitious attitude soon changes to passivity when he realizes the grave actions that are required of him. The contrast between Macbeths ambition and his passivity-caused by reluctance to do evil-is depicted clearly by his actions and thoughts that occur before he murders Duncan. Macbeth focuses on the deterrent, not the incentives he is plagued by the spectral bloody dagger rather than the though... ...o Macbeth, they point to the unfolding of his evil. He was ambitious enough to want to be king but not shrewd enough to have thought through the eventual consequences of his conniving. Although there were many lend factors to Macbeths downfall, the primary cause was his ow n character flaw. His internal contradiction between ambition and passivity allowed him to become susceptible to the witches prophecies and Lady Macbeths wickedness and eventually conduct to his downfall and death. Works Cited Bradley, A.C. Shakespearean Tragedy. Fawcett Publications Greenwich, Conn., 1965. Shakespeare, William. The Complete Works of William Shakespeare. Oxford University Press London, 1964. Stoll, Elmer Edgar. Source and Motive in Macbeth and Othello. Ed. Leonard F. Dean. Oxford University Press New York, 1961, 282-93.

Pete Rose Essay -- Baseball Hall of Fame Baseball Players Essays

Pete blushBart Giamattis decision to ban Pete Rose from the baseball abidance of Fame was not a fair decision at all. Pete Rose was placed on Baseballs ineligible list in 1989 when commissi onenessr of baseball, Bart Giamatti concluded that Rose had bet on baseball games, including games involving his give team, the Cincinnati Reds. In an agreement made with Baseball, Rose accepted his banishment from the sport. Although he never admitted to having gambled on baseball games (Maury). Pete Rose was a phenomenal baseball doer and manager. He was accused of gambling. His team while he was managing was supposedly involved. Bart Giamattis severe punishment of Pete Rose is a very controversial point in the world of sports. There are a few convenings that must have been followed to be inducted to the dorm of Fame. The one that is keeping Rose away is rule fiver. Rule five states Voting shall be based upon the players record, playing ability, integrity, sportsmanship, character, and contributions to the team or teams on which the player played (Maury). This rule has been tried and true and beaten many times. Many players have entered the Baseball Hall of Fame such as the very unlikable Ty Cobb, the drinking Babe Ruth, the umpire abusing John McGraw, the racial Cap Anson, Gaylord Perry a suspected cheater, and the gambling Leo Durocher. Those are just a few of the baseball players who somehow made into the Hall of Fame and got passed rule five (Ritter). Pete Roses problem was not even as severe as all of these other men. The argument to this is that if these men can make it into the Hall of Fame why is Pete Rose banned. It is obvious that these players made it there with just their playing abilities and not by all of the other characteristics needed to be inducted into the Hall of Fame (Maury). Pete Rose started playing professional baseball in 1960 in the minor leagues and by 1963 he reached the Major partnerships as a rookie second baseman with the National compacts Cincinnati Reds. Rose won the National Leagues Rookie of the Year Award for 1963. He spent or so of his 24 year travel playing with the Reds, Rose also played with the Phillies and the Expos. In 1985 Rose broke one of the most unbreakable records of all time, by passing out Ty Cobb for the most career hits ever (Sports Illustrated.). Rose holds many records, some of which are most games played, most at bats, and mos... ...cardinal rule of baseball and bet on baseball games. The daylight after Giamatti banned Rose from baseball, Giamatti held a press conference. He say that the matter of Pete Rose is now closed. It exit be debated and discussed. Let no one think Rose has hurt the game, it will pass, and the game will go forward. Bart Giamatti made it clear that Rose was forever banished from baseball and he will never have another chance (Ritter). When Pete Rose was place on the ineligible list in 1989, the Hall of Fame rule number three said that any player on Baseb alls ineligible list shall not be eligible for the Hall of Fame. According to the current version of Baseballs rules, Rose can be eligible for the Hall of Fame by getting of the banishment list. No one in the history of Major League Baseball has been able to get off the list. Pete Rose can petition Baseballs powers to get off the list. Once he is off the list, he can be considered for the Hall of Fame (Ritter). No one is sure if it is Pete Roses goal in life to be in the Hall of Fame. It king be hard but it is possible that Rose can be taken off the ineligible list. If he really wants to be in the Hall fame, he has the chance (Ritter).

The Monster under My Bed :: Personal Narrative Writing

The Monster under My Bed Mom, please I cried. whole my friends are after-school(prenominal) waiting for me. Amanda, I told you not until your room is divest. Now, go hitch started. The sooner you start the sooner you will finish and can whence go outside and play, replied my mother with a firm voice. I was a very stubborn five-year-old girl. My friends were outside wanting me to play, but after much mendicity my mother was still refusing to let me out of the house until my room was clean. The legal opinion of my friends outside playing, and my missing out on the fun was too much for me to bear. I decided to take a shortcut on the cleaning and learned a lesson that even now, almost 20 years later, I still harbort forgotten. I could tell from my mothers stern voice that she wasnt going away to budge on this one. I turned nearly, hunched my shoulders, dropped my head, and walked down the hall to clean my room, pouting the enti re way. I turned into the room and saw a huge mess. This is going to take forever I thought as I looked around at the toys, puzzles, books, and clothes strewn about all over. There was no way I could clean all this up and still have time to go play with my friends. Jeez, Mom doesnt understand anything. If she would just let me go play, therefore I would come back and clean it up later, I thought to myself. She is no fun at all. When Im a mom I will never make my kids clean their room, I vowed to myself. I started cleaning, place toys in the toy box, books on the shelf, shoes and dress-up clothes in the closet. I tagged you, I tagged you, I could hear my friends yelling from outside. Youre it Ha, ha I had to get out there. Looking around my still-messy room, I realized my hunch forward had lots of room under it.The Monster under My Bed Personal Narrative WritingThe Monster under My Bed Mom, please I cried. All my friends are outside waiting for me. Amanda, I told you not until your room is clean. Now, go get started. The sooner you start the sooner you will finish and can then go outside and play, replied my mother with a firm voice. I was a very stubborn five-year-old girl. My friends were outside wanting me to play, but after much begging my mother was still refusing to let me out of the house until my room was clean. The thought of my friends outside playing, and my missing out on the fun was too much for me to bear. I decided to take a shortcut on the cleaning and learned a lesson that even now, almost 20 years later, I still havent forgotten. I could tell from my mothers stern voice that she wasnt going to budge on this one. I turned around, hunched my shoulders, dropped my head, and walked down the hall to clean my room, pouting the entire way. I turned into the room and saw a huge mess. This is going to take forever I thought as I looked around at the toys, puzzles, book s, and clothes strewn about all over. There was no way I could clean all this up and still have time to go play with my friends. Jeez, Mom doesnt understand anything. If she would just let me go play, then I would come back and clean it up later, I thought to myself. She is no fun at all. When Im a mom I will never make my kids clean their room, I vowed to myself. I started cleaning, putting toys in the toy box, books on the shelf, shoes and dress-up clothes in the closet. I tagged you, I tagged you, I could hear my friends yelling from outside. Youre it Ha, ha I had to get out there. Looking around my still-messy room, I realized my bed had lots of room under it.

Mongolian History :: essays research papers

MongoliaRISE OF GHENGIS (Chinggis) KHANAfter the migration of the Jurchen, the Borjigin Mongols had emerged in central Mongolia as the preeminent clan of a loose federation. The principal Borjigin Mongol leader, Kabul Khan, began a series of raids into Jin in 1135. In 1162 (some historians say 1167), Temujin, the first son of Mongol headwaiter Yesugei, and grandson of Kabul, was born. Yesugei, who was chief of the Kiyat subclan of the Borjigin Mongols, was killed by neighboring Tatars in 1175, when Temujin was only twelve years old. The Kiyat rejected the boy as their leader and chose one of his kin instead. Temujin and his immediate family were neglectful and apparently left to die in a semi-desert, mountainous region. Temujin did not die, however. In a dramatic struggle described in The Secret narration of the Mongols, Temujin, by the age of twenty, had become the leader of the Kiyat subclan and by 1196, the unquestioned chief of the Borjigin Mongols. Sixteen years of nearly c onstant warfare followed as Temujin consolidated his designer north of the Gobi. Much of his early success was because of his first alliance, with the neighboring Kereit clan, and because of subsidies that he and the Kereit received from the Jin emperor in payment for punitive operations against Tatars and other tribes that be the northern frontiers of Jin. Jin by this time had become absorbed into the Chinese cultural system and was politically weak and increasingly subject to harassment by western Xia, the Chinese, and finally the Mongols. Later Temujin broke with the Kereit, and, in a series of major campaigns, he defeated all the Mongol and Tatar tribes in the region from the Altai Mountains to Manchuria. In time Temujin emerged as the strongest chieftain among a number of contending leaders in a confederation of clan lineages. His principal opponents in this struggle had been the Naiman Mongols, and he selected Karakorum (west-southwest of new-fangled Ulaanbaatar, near mode rn Har Horin), their capital, as the seat of his new empire. In 1206 Temujins leadership of all Mongols and other peoples they had conquered between the Altai Mountains and the Da Hinggan (Greater Khingan) Range was acknowledged formally by a council of chieftains as their khan. Temujin took the honorific chinggis, meaning supreme or great (also romanized as genghis or jenghiz), creating the title Chinggis Khan, in an effort to signify the unprecedented image of his power.

Mongolian History :: essays research papers

MongoliaRISE OF GHENGIS (Chinggis) KHANAfter the migration of the Jurchen, the Borjigin Mongols had emerged in central Mongolia as the leading clan of a loose federation. The principal Borjigin Mongol leader, Kabul Khan, began a series of raids into Jin in 1135. In 1162 (some historians say 1167), Temujin, the first son of Mongol chieftain Yesugei, and grandson of Kabul, was born. Yesugei, who was chief of the Kiyat subclan of the Borjigin Mongols, was killed by neighboring Tatars in 1175, when Temujin was only twelve years old. The Kiyat rejected the boy as their leader and chose one of his kin instead. Temujin and his immediate family were abandoned and apparently left wing to die in a semi-desert, mountainous region. Temujin did not die, however. In a dramatic struggle described in The Secret History of the Mongols, Temujin, by the senesce of twenty, had become the leader of the Kiyat subclan and by 1196, the unquestioned chief of the Borjigin Mongols. Sixteen years of nearly c onstant warfare followed as Temujin consolidated his power north of the Gobi. much(prenominal) of his early success was because of his first alliance, with the neighboring Kereit clan, and because of subsidies that he and the Kereit received from the Jin emperor in payment for punitive operations against Tatars and other tribes that threatened the northern frontiers of Jin. Jin by this time had become absorbed into the Chinese cultural system and was politically weak and increasingly subject to harassment by Western Xia, the Chinese, and finally the Mongols. ulterior Temujin broke with the Kereit, and, in a series of major campaigns, he defeated all the Mongol and Tatar tribes in the region from the Altai Mountains to Manchuria. In time Temujin emerged as the strongest chieftain among a number of contending leaders in a confederation of clan lineages. His principal opponents in this struggle had been the Naiman Mongols, and he selected Karakorum (west-southwest of modern-day Ulaa nbaatar, near modern Har Horin), their capital, as the seat of his new empire. In 1206 Temujins leadership of all Mongols and other peoples they had conquered between the Altai Mountains and the Da Hinggan (Greater Khingan) Range was acknowledged formally by a council of chieftains as their khan. Temujin took the honorific chinggis, meaning supreme or great (also romanized as genghis or jenghiz), creating the title Chinggis Khan, in an effort to signify the unprecedented scope of his power.

Lehman Brothers Essay

In year 2008, monetary crisis had led to the abound of m either banks in linked States. Lehman Brothers was one of the banks that had filed its bankruptcy on 15 family 2008. It was the biggest bankruptcy in the history and it still is for now. Being the fourth largest investment bank in linked States that had been established for 158 years, its chastening had brought a big impact to the world financial markets. The failure of this large investment bank had triggered people around the world.After the failure of Lehman Brothers in 2008, there be a number of analysts and researchers that had tried to figure out the root of such event, the ca rehearses of the give way, the effects of the failure and around lessons that could be learned from the failure of Lehman Brothers. All these cover and analysis guide their own point of view. Therefore, there argon a few objectives that I would like to think on. In this paper, we give first-year focus on What caused its failure? Everyt hing that happened will go its own reasons and causes. Next we argon going to focus on what is the effect of its failure? A nonher objective that we are focusing on is the lessons that we gained from this failure. It is very important to study the story of Lehman Brothers who was a legend because it was established in 1850 until 2008 and they had survived through the world financial crisis.1.0 History of Lehman BrothersLehman Brothers was first founded by a new German immigrant Henry Lehman in Montgomery, Alabama in year 1844. He started up a shop named H. Lehman, which sells groceries and dry goods to some local cotton farmers. In 1847, his brother Emanuel Lehman arrived, and they change the name again to H. Lehman and Bro. In 1850, their youngest brother Mayer Lehman arrived in Montgomery and once again they changed its name and Lehman Brothers founded by then.During that time, cotton was one of the important crops thus they have a gritty market value. The three Lehman brothers started to accept raw cotton from their customers as a parent geezerhood of payment for merchandise. Within a few years, the trading of cotton had become their approximately important part of their operation. In 1855, Henry Lehman passed away at the age of 33 from yel baseborn fever. After Henrys death, Mayer and Emanuel continued their caper on commodities trading. They have their own policy, besides their family members-sons, brothers, and cousins-that were permitted to be their partners. This policy carries on until 1920s.Their business grow and they formed a partnership with a cotton merchant John Wesley Durr to build their own storage warehouse. They used this warehouse to strain their quid amount of cotton to en adequate to(p) them to support larger sales and trades. Their business continued to expand and they set up an office in parvenue York in year 1858. However, Lehman Brothers faced hardship during the period of Civil War however they managed to rebuild their busi ness after the war, and focusing their operations based in the New York office. Lehman Brothers expand to include sales and trading of other goods. Besides forming the New York Cotton Exchange, they were involved in establishing the Coffee Exchange and Petroleum Exchange. In 1867, Lehman Brothers became the instrument of the Alabama establishment in selling the states bonds.In 1906, under the leadership of Philip Lehman, son of Emanuel, he partnered with Goldman Sachs, together they brought the General Cigar Co. to market followed by Sears, Roebuck and Company. There were around one hundred new issues that were underwritten by Lehman Brothers in conjunction with Goldman. Philip Lehman retired in 1925, and the company was taken over by his son, Robert Lehman. Under Roberts leading, the company survived through the Great Depression, and they carry on their operation focusing on venture capital. In 1930s, they underwrote the Initial Public Offering (IPO) of the first tv manufacturer , DuMont. They also helped to finance companies like Halliburton and Kerr-McKee.In 1969, Robert Lehman passed away and he was the last member of Lehman family to lead the company. Roberts death had led to problems that brought hard times to the wet. In 1973, an important person, Pete Peterson was brought in to excuse the firm from its difficulties. He as the Chairman and CEO had led the firm from operating losses to record wage in five consecutive years. Lehman Brothers commingled with Kuhn, Loeb Inc., and formed the countrys fourth largest investment bank preceded by Salomon Brothers, Goldman and First Boston. In 1984, American Express acquired Lehman Brothers to merge with retail brokerage Shearson to form Shearson Lehman Brothers.However, a few years later in 1993, the firm spun off and became known solely as Lehman Brothers. In 2001, the human race Trade Center offices were destroyed by terrorist attack therefore their headquarters was moved to Manhattan in 2002. The firm c ontinue to shine until 2008, it had recorded a exalted profit in 2007 solely in less than a years time they was entangled in the subprime mortgage lending crisis. On September 15 2008, they filed a Chapter 11 bankruptcy in federal court.2.0 Causes of its FailureThe collapse of Lehman Brothers was a huge impact because everyone was thinking that it is impossible for such a large bank to collapse. Lehman Brothers had on the dot reported a large profit in 2007, in less than a year time they filed for their bankruptcy. After the failure of Lehman Brothers, there were many people discussing about the causes that led to the failure of this large investment bank. Although they managed to pass through the past economic downturn with their business strategies notwithstanding they could not survive the collapse of the housing market of United States of America. Until today, the causes of its failure were still being discussed among people around the world. Some would say that the poor com mission of the firm itself was the key to the collapse of the bank.The exit management of Lehman Brothers failed to detect the problem that might occur with their balance sheet and their Chief Executive Officer (CEO), Richard J. Fuld had miscalculated the severity of the market upheaval. Lehman began to emerge into home mortgages in 2005 without bothering the early warning that the housing market in United States is being overheated and it will burst anytime. In 2007, two hedge funds sponsored by Bear Sterns collapsed and the markets attention had focused on the value of subprime mortgages. The firm has faith with itself because they consider itself as an expert in the financing real estate. Lehman Brothers did not manage to detect the alarm yet because their balance sheet was heavily weighted in commercial message real estate which had vigour to do with the residential housing sector. Although the lower management might have detected the danger in front but the give-and-take could not reach until the top management.The firm failed to realize that it was actually a ticking time bomb that might explode anytime. It is a norm that the top management was the last one to know whenever there is a danger because the employees would try to cover up. That is why the top management could not react to save the firm at an earlier stage. Some would argue that the CEO, Fuld was to blame because of his overconfidence and failure to recognize that Lehman faced a crucial crisis. Besides, Lehman paid an extremely high salaries and bonuses for their employees which total up more(prenominal) than half of the company earned in pre-tax profit. In addition, the accounting system of Lehman itself was a big flop. They used Repo 105 minutes that was described by their own accounting personnel as an accounting gimmick. First of all, some would question what does repo means.Repo means repurchase agreements, transaction which banks use it to borrow cash for short term. It involve s raising cash by lending out high-quality assets for a short period of time. The banks will agree to repurchase their substantiating in a few days or weeks. This way of recording their accounts created a false portrayal of their true financial status. Even the external auditor, Ernst & childly did not take advance action to investigate the repo. According to Stern Stewart (2002), he said that accounting is no dourer counting what counts and those in aid have not been wise enough or strong enough to resist their ploys to make the auditors definition of earning into a reliable measure of value. Accounting phony and accounting manipulation are the major reasons to companies failure and financial crises. They intend to keep this matter and hide it from the shareholders and the public. In this case, the external auditors did not do what they are supposed to do.They failed to give any warning to the shareholders about the non-disclosure of their financial statements. According to t he Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, an external auditor has a certificate of indebtedness to plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether caused by error or sham Lehman Brothers reckless way of lending made the firm into more liabilities. The subprime mortgages were to meet the needs of Americans who could not be qualified for considerable-term mortgages. Subprime mortgages were targeted on credit dishonorable person but also had low interest rates on long term basis. Therefore, subprime mortgages were loans that are high in risk but low in return compared to the property to be purchased. Meanwhile, Lehman also encourages the ninja (no income, no job, and no assets) or better known as liar loans. These loans were banned in United Kingdom because ninja loans are loans offered to public without any form of collateral. Anyone could loan from the bank even he is without a job, wi thout stable income and without any assets in hand.These loans are another(prenominal) key for the failure of Lehman. Such loans are the breeding ground of unethical conduct in the financial market. These loans encourage the moral hazard to happen because the borrowers had nothing to lose as they have no assets to be held as collateral. Following the incident of the failure of Lehman, there are people questioning the decision of the cater for not bailing out Lehman. catereral Reserve does not bail out Lehman because Lehman could not prove that they have the ability to repay the loan from Fed. There is a theory in the economics called the Big Bank Theory which means that governments will not allow a large bank like Lehman to collapse because it will bring a huge impact to the economic. This theory does works when American International Group (AIG) and Bear Sterns were being helped by Fed to clog it from falling. Everyone thought the same fate will happen to Lehman as well because of the theory too big to fail.However, Lehman Brothers could not escape from the bankruptcy fate. Fed had conducted assessments and it showed that the failure of Lehman would not bring such a big impact to the whole world compared to AIG or Bear Sterns. Federal Reserve chose to bailout Bear Sterns but not Lehman Brothers because when the Fed bailed out Bear Stern in March 2008, it claimed that the bailout was an extraordinary event, thus it is impossible for Fed to save another roiling financial firm because it is not possible for extraordinary events to occur that often. Competitions are very common in each and every sector including banking and finance sector. Banks will compete among themselves on both assets and liabilities.According to Bolt and Tieman (2004), to survive the competition for loans and remain profitable, banks undertake measures that will drive the loan volumes and enhance profitability but ultimately compromise their asset quality and increase the probability of collapsing. Bank therefore started to increase the risk in their portfolio by lowering the criteria or price and condition for a loan. Wilmarth (2009) agreed that competition impacts cast outly on lending standards, based on events leading to the global financial crisis in 2007. Banks compete blindly with each other neglecting the possible danger that might arise and harmful towards the banks. They keep on offering subprime mortgages with low payments in order to attract more customers. When the housing prices collapsed in 2007, the borrowers could not refinance their mortgages and defaults happen eventually lead to the subprime financial crisis.3.0 Effects of Its FailureIn March 2010, it emerged that the bankruptcy was not just the largest ever to be experienced in the American financial system, but it was also one of the largest accounting scandals ever (Connerty, 2010). The failure of Lehman Brothers is similar to that Enron experienced earlier in 2001. Such failure and the pr esent case of Lehman show how an investment bank had successfully fool all the investors and financial analysts. The investors of Lehman Brothers were badly affected because they could not escape from the financial crisis impact. In many countries, the investors were badly affected because most of them are holding the bonds issued by Lehman before it collapses. In Hong Kong, there are 43,000 individuals who had bought the questionable mini bonds up to a total of $ 1.8 billion. Pension funds, such as the New York State Teachers retirement plan had also incurred losses due to the collapse of Lehman (Bryan-Low, 2009, cited in Swedberg, 2010).Once Lehman declared its bankruptcy on September 2008, investors lose their money and some investors are even senior citizens. Although some investors do assume a huge loss, but most of the worlds leading investment banks made big profits again in 2009. Investment banks have always been a very volatile business and it will still continue on to ha ve its ups and downs. The failure of investment banks does not affect the long run of the business because it is a very profitable business. The consequences of the collapse of Lehman are not that long because some banks started to record profit within a year. However, United States of Americas economy was seriously affected and the US government needs to prop up the markets in order to avoid any further catastrophe and to avoid the history of the Great Depression 1930s to happen once again.4.0 Lessons Learned after the CollapseCaplan et al., (2010) mention that in 2006, Lehman made a deliberate decision in pursuing a higher-growth business strategy. To achieve their goal they switched from a low-risk brokerage model to capital-intensive banking model that required them to buy assets and store them as opposed to acquiring assets to primarily moving them to a third party. This strategy at the time also brought a higher risk because most of the assets were long term and they were high ly illiquid. As the subprime crisis happened, Lehman had to act quickly to liquidate its illiquid assets in housing mortgages. The crisis caused the assets to be bought at lower price due to the negative perception in the public. Lehman should have forgone its high-growth strategy because its cost had outweighed the benefits. Holding on with the strategy kept dragging Lehman into deeper danger because they should have sacrifice part of the profits to protect themselves from massive loss.Besides that, the top managers should have eliminated dubious accounting practices by holding to a high ethical standard. Lehman used Repo 105 was only one of the way of many wrongful action used by Lehman to show that their financial statements are still stable and at a estimable state. Lehman estimable the Repo 105 in an unethical way in order to acquire new loans by displaying a healthier situation compared to the actual situation. A standard accounting system open the way for unethical managers to take advantage of it.They practice the standard according to their own unethical behaviour in order to achieve or to display a healthy situation to the public. Therefore, the accounting standards mustiness be modified to avoid any of the unethical behaviour that could affect the benefits of the public. The financial statements must meet the necessary accounting standard and the external auditors should point out the mismatch of the balance sheet and investigate for any problem occurred. In this way, it is easier to trace the problem earlier and the management could not have the chance to hide the true condition of their firm. Caplan et al., (2010) suggest that substance must be taken into consideration over form, in which the fairness and the health of the organization must be judged based on the substance of the statements and not only the ratios inferred from them.Basically, expanding safety nets involves providing all-embracing guarantees to both creditors and depositors of both commercial and investment banks (Rochet, 2010). Expanding the safety nets is to maintain funding especially during the economic downturn times and to rebuild the investor confidence after such a major economic crisis. The strategy to stabilize the economic is very important and it needs to be carrying on a long term basis in order to prevent future failures. All these strategies should be carried out by investment banks themselves as they were one of the factors that caused the Lehman Brothers to collapse.In addition, we should have come out with strategies that were directed at dealing with the problem assets and implement the strategies in advance before the financial system failure occurs. It is better to devise earlier rather than waiting for the failure to occur by its own. These strategies are basically of two types they can either be in terms of government guarantees on specific high value loans but still keeping the loans on the failing firms balance sheet or attainm ent of some or all structures securities and loan assortments (Stephanou, 2009). Although dealing with those problematic assets does not really reduce the firms vulnerability to such exposures but at least these strategies could tackle the liquidity problems and improve their creditworthiness. Government plays an important role to motivate the private investors to acquire the problematic assets or government can co-finance the achievement of these assets.There is need for the persistence regulators to enforce more stringent measures to ensure that investment banks do not bite more than they can chew. The regulators should have stock monitoring done on all the investment banks to ensure that they are on the right path and did not take up too very much risky investment. From the collapse of Lehman Brothers, we could see that most of the investment banks faced financial crisis with insufficient capital bases and inadequate liquidities. The regulatory measure must be able to ensure that banks have the ability and quantity capital bases that could buffer the financial institutions from massive losses and to be strong enough to withstand any failures in the future. Banks need to have a good number of liquid assets all the time so that the assets could easily be transformed into cash to face any panics. To conclude, it is very important to enforce standards on the capital, leverage and liquidity of every investment banks to prevent financial crisis in the future.5.0 ConclusionsThe recent competition in the banking industry has led to most of this banks engaging in risky exposures (Raghavan, 2003). This is very clear in the collapse of Lehman Brothers. We should learn up from the mistakes and ensure that we do not adopt it in the future. In the collapse of Lehman we could see that corporate governance plays an important role in every firm. The management must be clear with the firms condition and to make the right decision for the firm and to be alert towards any kind of possible danger. The Board and regulator could have intervened if Lehman practiced sound corporate practices and had not withheld information regarding the risk levels of the firm. Besides, the external auditors are also a part in this failure because they failed to detect the malpractices in their financial statements.According to Greenfield (2010), the main indicators of fraud could be detected in the financial statement apparently the external auditors could not discover this activity. Looking forward, there is no crystal ball. However what is known is that the international financial system is a complex web of dealings, relationships and dependencies. It must however be noted that the demise of Lehman had not impacted on the US economy alone but the world as a whole. Lastly, never assumes too big to fail. Even the most cultivate financial tools, cannot predict or time the market properly. No one and nothing guarantees you that having past successes, you can be granted the same in the future.

Mexican Drug Cartels

The medicate agreements are lucrative, they are violent, and they are operated with stunning planning and precision. -Attorney General Eric Holder The Mexican cartels have been able to slide under the radiolocation for quite some time straightway and are finally beginning to get the vigilance they deserve. But is this too late? Have they already do too practically damage to their country and their people where emerging out of this horrific phase is even possible? This could be the case if no present(prenominal) action is taken. In order for this two happen two things must occur.The first is an immediate solution to the reoccurring violence and corruption within and outside of the Mexican molds. The second is a long-term solution must be made therefore preventing any sort of international dominance equal this to happen again. many solutions that need to be made in the immediate future are an increase in border security and heightened sense of awareness for smugglers not be sides from Mexico but into it as well, a stricter regulation on the selling of get together States firearms, and. In terms of for the long run, there must be a great relationship between theUnited States and Mexico not only toward the security issues but also toward the political ones. The Mexican government must implement reform in places like education, training of mutilateicers, and policies to help build a better democracy, and finally there must be a constant and sustained effort to cut off all bring lines of money and weapons to the cartels. The origins of the cartels can be traced back to the capital of South Carolinan Cali and Medellin mega-cartels who were responsible for the majority or drugs coming into the United States. Fortunately in the 1990s the Columbia drug cartels were able to be uppressed and eventually extinguished (Kindt).However the positive efforts in Columbia created negative ones in Mexico. With no one fully controlling the drug supply to the United Sta tes anymore the battle for dominance began. After dissolving roughly of the drug routes through Miami and the Caribbean the only new(prenominal) option left was Mexico (Kindt). eyepatch this shift of index was taking place within the cartels, the Mexican government was also facing a shift in democratic power with the growth of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PR). It began its rule in 1929 and had total dominance over the political world in Mexico.The PRI was able to subdue all other voices and elect officers that had the party members best interest in mind. This normally would work however the members of PRI were usually corrupt and therefore it wasnt long before the newly make Mexican drug cartels and the PRI linked up. The PRI was notorious already for suppressing voices of people who did not agree, granting monopolies, and paying off labor leaders (ONeil). It wasnt until the 1980s and into the 90s where the violence started to occur. The I began to loose its power an d there was an every-growing struggle tor power.In 000 the ties to the PRI was officially broken with the election of Vicente Fox as president. This however created even more corruption with the number of local authorities world paid off which in turn forced disorganization between leaders at the local, deposit, and national levels. Now that the cartels were beginning to be met with resistance they started to bugger off more violent and militarized. Among the some feared were The Zetas, member of the Gulf cartel, who were alleged to be former members of the elite Mexican army unit (Weinberg).With this new floodgate undecided for Mexican drug trade multiple cartels began to ome onto the scene, which caused inter-cartel violence as well. The United States finally had to intervene during a struggle between the Tijuana and Sinaloa cartels ending in the black lotion of a catholic archbishop and the favored presidential candidate. The United States began to strengthen border control s and began to revive security collaborations with Mexico (ONeil). However this was short lived and the cartels were able to once again sustain control of border crossings and continue smuggling.In 2005 the reality of the situation in Mexico was finally brought to the attention of he American people. The kingpin of the Gulf cartel, Osiel Cardenas, was arrested. The gulf cartel controlled the largest border crossing between Mexico and the United States, El Paso. This in turn caused the other two rival cartels to step in and try and take control. However the Zetas were not going to give up their main smuggling route and at the end of righteous one day there were one one C and fourscore killed including the newly elected chief of police (Weinberg).The United States once again took action and implemented operation Stonegarden, which gave local authorities on the U. S. ide four hundred million dollars to help improve boarder regulation and reduce smuggling. Soon after this was implem ented, the drug cartels reached an agreement about territories and were able to again continue with business. It is presumable that no matter what the United States or Mexico has done in the past to suppress the cartels has not been successful. With over ninety percent of the U. S. ocaine being able to be traced back to Mexico and about ninety percent of Mexican firearms being able to be traced back to the United States Just feeding more money into disparate agencies isnt working (Bronsther). Most of the guns that cartels are using are purchased in the United States and then smuggled back smoothen into Mexico. They are able to do this because the cartel hires people called straw buyers. These are individuals with clean records who are paid to go into the United States and purchase large quantities of guns from local vendors and then bring them back down into Mexico.In order to prevent this from happening the United States must enforce the current honors where selling guns to for eign countries is illegal. It should also forbid the export of unlicensed firearms. All this is looked after and over readn by the Federal Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco Firearms and Explosives so therefore additional funding should be going to that agency instead of only cerebrate on the agencies that deal with security (ONeil). We know that if we go to war with the drug cartels that it will be a very bloody prolonged and simply spare conflict.The charge to hurt them the most and do the most damage is to stop providing them with such a lucrative market. We should create stricter punishments tor people who do end up selling to straw buyers or even ducate vendors on proper gun selling and encourage the responsible sale of firearms (Miller). When it comes to drugs we can implement the same ideology. The United States is the biggest consumer nation in the world right now and drugs fit right into that. In order to suppress this worry in the most efficient way possible we must look at our selves first.There has to be a shirt from supporting law enforcement to supporting the suppression of the U. S. demand. Studies have shown that money spent on rehabilitation for addicts is five times more effect then money spent on conventional law enforcement (ONeil). Expanding and promoting drug treatment will in turn lower the allure or demand for the drugs the cartels are providing. Most of all however the cutting off of the Mexican drug cartels money supply would be detrimental to them and ultimately lead to their destruction.Removing the money bloodline will no longer give them the ability to pay off official, at the state and local levels, which will in turn force democracy to become a more fair system. Judges and local police officers will be forced off of the cartels payroll and therefore improve upon Mexicos push to create a clean government. This would also be beneficial for previous problems as well. The purchase and smuggling of guns will not longer be as big ofa prob lem due to lack of funds the cartels will have. Drugs will also see a decrease due to expensive manufacturing costs and distribution expenses.This is where the majority of United States efforts should be focused because between fifteen and twenty five trillion dollars goes from the U. S. into either Mexico or an account. The money is usually simply carried, wired, or transported to the boarder and merely driven crossways. Although guns and drugs are a huge problem in oming across the boarder if that amount of money is about to be simply driven across the boarder should we be focusing a lot more attention towards our efforts in recovering and seizing that money? Especially when confiscating that money will therefore lower amount of guns and drugs in circulation.The United States is not the sole source of the problem. The Achilles heal of Mexico is the corruption. About one fifth of Mexicos Federal Investigative Agency is under investigation for involvement with the drug cartels (Bro nsther). In order to prevent this problem from continuing and hopefully reverse this common theme, Mexico must create institutional reform and growth by promoting better ways of training and education for law enforcement. They must be sure to implement ways to ensure that their officers, agents and even diplomats are not susceptible to corruption or manipulation.The United States is as much to blame for the situation in Mexico and Mexico is. If it werent for our massive consumption habits and distribution of firearms the cartels would be useless to have. We have dug ourselves into a very deep hole and now must begin the slow climb out. This begins with efforts to subdue our addictive abits through rehabilitation and education, stricter laws regarding firearms sales especially around the border, a cooperative effort with Mexico against the cartels, and most importantly an increased effort in finding and destroying money that is funding these cartels.Mexico in turn is tacing this prob lem head on and suttering greatly tor i t. To subdue any further damage from being done, as a country, Mexico must start from the inside and work out with major reforms in their branches of government most importantly judicial and more specifically law enforcement. They must design as system in which orruption is the main characteristic to be aware of and avoid and need to educate, train, and generate true leaders who will hopefully strive to make a new positive name for Mexico.Both the United States and Mexico are realizing Just how much corruption, violence, and instability these drug cartels are creating. Procedures are beginning to be put in place in order to suppress the cartels. The United States recently passed the Miranda Initiative with grants Mexico one point four billion dollars to help them rebuild their nation. Mexico too has increased salaries and enefits for officers as an effort to allure people to fill positions once held by corrupt officials (ONeil).

Nervous System and Brain Stem

Biopsychology A specialty that studies the interaction of biology, behavior, and amiable work ones. Evolution The gradual process of biological change that occurs in a species as it adapts to its surroundings new generations change as they adapt to ever-changing environments Evolution has fundament exclusivelyy shape psychological processes beca lend oneself it favors genetic variations that produce adaptive behavior Charles DarwinWondered if animals were related and if all(prenominal)(prenominal) creations, even humans, could sh be a prevalent ancestry made the controversial case for the evolution of lifeNatural selectionThe driving force behind evolution, the fittest organisms argon selected by the environment, the best adapted leave flourish and the least adapted will die out. Darwin never said humans came from monkeys, but that they both had a common ancestor Genetics and inheritance Genotype Genetic MakeupPhenotype Physical and behavioral characteristics (observable char acteristics) not all biological, also can be changed by nutrition, disease, stress, and poor medical exam c ar causing birth defects Genome Set of genetic instruction contained within a cell DNAA complex molecule that stores biological information Genes The words that gear up up the instruction manual (genome) ChromosomesTightly coiled anatomical structures in which genes are organized, consist of DNA Nucleotides letters that form genes, in that location are 4Sex chromosomes The X and Y chromosomes that de margeine physical sex characteristics XX-female XY-male , fathers determine sex Genes influence our psychological characteristicsNever attribute psychological characteristics to genetics al atomic number 53, even identical agree Race and human variations Certain features of skin color and former(a) physical characteristics are common among people who trace their ancestry to the same part of the ball tropical ancestry have darker skin to protect them from the sun, and thinl yer skin for less sunny places There are no genetic differences for races, race is to a greater extent of a socially defined term Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis Testing fetus at a very oung age to ensure a genetically healthy fetus Some of these clinics also offer gender selection and savior siblings How does the personate communicate internally?The sickening system reacts first intensify your marrow rate and tense your muscles for action Endocrine system sends follow-up messagessend hormones which also accelerate heart and tense muscles they work unitedly in stressful and happier situations and even during low arousal states the mavin is the chief that manages the cooperation of the head-in-the-clouds and endocrine systemsThe idea coordinates the torsos 2 communication systems, the nervous and endocrine, which use similar chemic processes to communicate with targets throughout the body Neuron (nerve cell) cell that receives and transmits information to other cells of the body, bundles are called nerves Sensory neuron (afferent neurons) A cell that carries messages towards the heading from understanding receptors Motor neuron (efferent neurons) A cell that carries messages a office from the brain to the muscles and glandsInterneurons A cell that relays messages between nerve cells, especially in the brain and spinal pile Dendrites Branched personas that extend outward from the cell body and carries information into the neuron Soma part of the cell containing the nucleus or cell body, houses chromosomes Axon An extending fiber that conducts information from the soma to the terminal buttons Resting potential The electrical charge of the axon in its in sprightly state, when neuron is ready to fireAction potential When the neuron fires due to a change in electrical charge across the cell membrane of axon All or none principle action potential in the axon occurs either get laidly or not at all when many neurons fire too easily the result can be epileptic seizure Synapsegap that serves as a communications link between neurons or between neurons and muscles or glands they serve Terminal buttonsTiny bulb wish structures at the end of the axon that carry the message into the synapse Synaptic transmission The relaying of information across the synapse Neurotransmitter Chemical messenger that relays neural messages across the synapse, many are also hormones ReuptakeThe process by which un employ neurotransmitters are drawn back into the vesicles of their originating neuron 7 important neurotransmittersDopamineProduces feeling of pleasure or reward, imbalances cause schizophrenia and Parkinson, cocaine, amphatamine, and alcohol affect the action of this transmitter SerotoninRegulates, sleep, dreams, mood, hurt, appetite, sex drive, imbalances cause depression, anxiety, OCD, Prozac and LSD affect the action of this transmitter Norepinnephrinecontrols heart rate, sleep, stress, sexual responsiveness, appetite, imbalances cause h igh relationship pressure, depression, Tricyclic, anti depressants, and beta blockers affect the action of this transmitter Acetycholine complex in learning and memory, imbalances cause muscular overthrows, alzheimers, nicotine, black widow spider venom, botulism toxin, barbiturates affect the action of this transmitterGABAInhibitory transmitter, inbalances cause anxiety and epilepsy, minor tranquilizers and alcohol affect the action of this transmitter GlutamateExcitatory transmitter, excess anaesthetize of glutamate causes brain damage after stroke, PCP affects the action of this transmitter EndorphinsPleasurable sensations and control of pain, imbalances come from opiate addiction, opiates like morphine, heroin, and methadone effect the action of this transmitter malleability the nervous systems ability to change or adapt as a result of an experience or physical damage plasticity can not compensate for extensive injurys just as paralyzed individuals may implant computer chip s in the brain to restore some forms of controlGlial cells A cell that provides structural support for neurons, also provide the myelin sheath of the axon for some neurons nervous system Network of neurons in the body, including the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, and their subdivisions Central nervous systembrain and spinal cord Reflexsimple unlearned response triggered by stimuli done by spinal cord ContralateralEach side of the brain communicates with the opposite side of the body Peripheral Nervous systemConnects the central nervous system with the rest of the body (somatic and autonomic) Somatic nervous system Carries sensory(prenominal) information to the brain and voluntary messages to the musclesAutonomic nervous system Sends communications between the brain and the internal organs and glands tender-hearted division ends messages to internal organs and glands that help us respond to stressful or emergency situations Parasympathetic monitors the routin e operations of the internal organs and returns body to calmer functioning after arousal by the sympathetic divisionThe endocrine system The hormone system, chemic messenger system including pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries, and testes in a crisis this system releases epinephrin or adrenalin sustaining the bodies fight or f clear up reaction Hormones chemical messengers used by the endocrine system and the nervous systemHormonal functions of major endocrine glands front Pituitary ovaries and testes, breast milk doing, metabolism, reactions to stress Posterior Pituitary conservation of water in the body, breast milk secretion, uterus contractions Thyroid metabolism, physical harvest and development Parathyroid calcium aims in the body Pancreas glucose (sugar) metabolismAdrenal glands fight or flight response, metabolism, sexual desire (especially in women) Ovaries development of female sexual characteristics, productionion of eggs or ova Testes development of ma le sexual characteristics, sperm production, sexual desire in men Pituitary gland the master gland that oversees all these endocrine responses Agonists drugs or other chemicals that enhance or mimic the effects of neurotransmitters antagonists drugs or other chemicals that inhibit the effects of neurotransmittersNeural pathways bundles of nerve cells that follow generally the same despatch and employ the same neurotransmitter How does the brain produce behavior and psychological processes? Thoughts and feelings originate from the brain (love doesnt come from the heart) brain is a collection of distinct modules that work together like the components of a computer the brain is composed of many delimitated modules that work together to create mind and behavior EEG(Electroencephalograph)A device for arrangement brain waves, typically by electrodes places on the scalp. The recording is an EEG Can reveal abnormal waves which cause epilepsy not very preciseWilder Pen field mapped the b rain with electric probes which showed him that the brains surface had distinct expanses with distinct functions Brain Scans help neurosurgeons to locate abnormalities such as tumors or stroke related damage without opening the skull CT(computerized tomography)uses x-rays interpreted of the brain at different angles and then combined into an image PET(positron emission tomography)Imaging technique that relies on the detection of radioactive sugar consumed by active brain cellsMRI(magnetic resonance imaging) Imaging technique that relies on cells responses in a high-intensity magnetic field fMRI(functional magnetic resonance imaging)form of MRI that records brain structure and activity PET and fMRI show which parts of the brain are active during a particular task MRI ecvelsat distinguishing the fine details of brain structures non of these can detect processes that occur only briefly (shift in attention, startle response) no scanning technique gives biopsychologists a perfectly clea r view of all of the brains activity Three layers of the brain Brain stem the most primitive of the brains three major layers, includes medulla, pons, and reticular formation medullaControls eupnoeic and heart ratePonsRegulates brain activity during sleep or dreaming Reticular formationkeeps the brain alert and attentive to new stimulation Limbic systemmiddle layer, involved in emotion and memory, includes thee hippocampus,amygdalaa, hypothalamus, and some pleasure centers HippocampusEstablishes long term memories amydalamemory and emotion, particularly dread and aggression HypothalamusBrains blood testing lab, constantly monitors blood to determine condition of the bodThalamus brains central relay station, all messages that enter or exit the brain go through the thalamus controls sleep and awake states of disposition cerebrum cerebellumthe niggling brain attached to the brain stem, responsible for oordinated movements cerebral hemisphereslarge symmetrical halves of the brain lo cated atop the brain stem cerebral cortexThin white-haired(a) matter covering the cerebral hemispheres, carries on major portion of higher mental processes like thinking and perceiving corpus callosum the band of nerve cells connecting and enabling communication between the two cerebral hemispheresThe frontal lobescortical regions at the front of the brain especially involved in movement and in thinking beat back cortex A narrow vertical strip of cortex in the frontal lobes, controls voluntary motor movement Mirror neuronA trend of neuron that fires in response to mirroring observation of another persons actions or emotions The left frontal lobes production of speechThe parietal lobesInvolved in touch sensation and perceiving spacial relationships Somatosensory cortex A strip of the parietal lobe involved in sensations of touch The temporal lobesCortical lobes that process hearing, including speech, involved in storing long term memories Occipital lobes The cortical regions that house the optic cortex Visual cortex The visual processing area of cortex in the occipital and temporal lobes companionship Cortex Critical regions throughout the brain that combine information from various other parts of the brainCerebral DominanceThe tendency of each brain hemisphere to utilize control over different functions, such as oral communication or perception of spatial relationships The left side is more active in language and speech the right side is for visual and spatial and interprets others emotional responses and their nonverbal communication signals the right frontal lobes control the negative emotions such as fear and anger the left frontal lobes control the positive emotions such as joy cerebral dominance exemplars are not always the same from one person to another men on average have slightly larger brains, thought to be part of body size and not untold other importance CH 3Sensation The process by which stimulation of a sensory receptor produces neural impulses that the brain interprets as a sound, sight, taste, touch, or smell experience A mental process that elaborates and assigns meaning to the incoming sensory patterns The brain common senses the world indirectly because the sense organs convert stimulation into the language of the nervous system (neural messages) 3 attributes common to all senses transduction-process that converts information carried by the stimulus , such as light or sound waves, into the form of neural messages sensory adaption-loss of responsiveness in receptor cells after stimulation has remained unchanged for a art object thresholds bsolute threshold-minimum amount of physical energy needed to produce a sensory experience (how soft can euphony be and still be heard) if it is above your thresholds, you sense it varies from person to person and varies in an individual depending on mental alertness and physical condition difference threshold (JND)-minimum amount by which a stimulus can be changed and the difference be detected fractional the epoch large when the stimulus intensity is high and small when low Webers law The size of the JND is proportional to the intensity of the stimulus We are create to detect changes in stimulation and relationships among stimuli Signal detection theory Theory that states that sensation depends on the characteristics of the stimulus, the background stimulation, and the detector.Sensory Adaptation Loss of responsiveness in receptor cells after stimulation has remained unchanged for a while (adjusting to the temperature of a cold pool) The sense all operate in much the same way, but each extracts different information and sends it to its own specialized processing region in the brain Vision RetinaThe thin light- nociceptive layer at the back of the eyeball. The retina contains millions of photoreceptor and other nerve cells the retina is where the transduction of light into neural signals occurs Photoreceptors Light sensitive cells (neurons) in the retina that concert light energy to neural impulses, these receptors are as far as light gets into the visual system. Rods Photoreceptors in the retina sensitive to dark lighting but not to colorCones photoreceptor in the retina sensitive to colourise but not dim light Fovea-tiny area of sharpest vision in the retina ipolar cells-collect impulses from photoreceptors and send them to the ganglion cells optic nerve-the bundle of neurons that caries visual information from the retina to the brain blind spot- the point where the optic nerve exits the eye and there are no photoreceptors, anything in this area cannot be seen visual cortex creates visual images from the information received from the eyes in this cortex, brain turns neural impulses into visual sensations of color, form, boundary, and movement brightness- A sensation caused by intensity(amplitude) of light waves color-(hue) not a property of things in the outside(a) world , a psychological sensation created in the bra in from information from the eyes from the wavelength of visual lightElectromagnetic spectrum-the entire range of electromagnetic energy, including radio waves, x rays, microwaves, and visible light visible spectrum-the tiny part of electromagnetic spectrum to which our eyes are sensitive, may be different from our own trichromatic theory-the idea that colors are sensed by three different types of cones sensitive to light in the red blue and green wavelengths, this theory explains color processing in the cones of the retina opponent-process theory-the idea that cells in the visual system process colors in complementary pairs, such as red or green , yellow or blue, this theory explains color sensation from the bipolar cells onward in the visual system afterimages-sensations that linger after the stimulus is removed, most are negative after images, which appear in reversed colors color blindness-genetic cark that prevents an individual from discriminating certain colors, most common form is red green color blindnessHearing Frequency-highness or lowness of sound, pitch amplitude-the physical strength of a wave. Height of the wave , when turning down vol, your turning down amplitude, loudness timbre-complex quality of a sound wave, helps you distinguish different voices how we hear sound waves are relayed to the inner ear, vibrating waves make their way through the ear canal to the ear drum or tympanic membrane, vibrates middle ear, sends to cochlea cochlea-main organ of hearing focuses he vibrations on the basilar membrane basilar membrane converts vibrations into neural messages neural messages travel to the auditory cortex in the brain Hearing loss-from damage of the hair cells in the cochlea Vision-stimulus is light waves, receptor is rods and conesHearing-stimulus is sound waves, receptor is hair cells in basilar membrane Skin senses-stimulus is external contact, receptor is nerve endings in skin Smell-stimulus is quicksilver(a) substances, receptor is hair cells in olfactory epithelium Taste-stimulus is soluble substances, receptor is taste buds on tongue Pain- stimulus is extreme stimuli, receptors are pain receptors Kinesthatic and vestibular senses-stimulus is body position, movement and balance, receptors are hair cells in semicircular canals and neurons connected to muscles joints and tendons Vestibular senses-the sense of body orientation with respect to gravity, associated with inner ear and in fact is carried to the brain on a Branch of the auditory nerve Kinesthetic sense-the sense of body position and movement of body parts intercourse to each otherSmell olfaction-sense of smell pheromones-chemical signals released by organisms to communicate with other members of their species. Often used by animals as sexual attractants, unclear if humans use them Taste Gustation-the sense of tasteSkin senses sensory system for processing touch, warmth, cold, texture, and pain synesthesia-the mixing of sensations across sensory modalitie s, as in tasting shapes or seeing colors associated with numbers tincture limbs-sensations experienced by people who have lost a limb coming from the missing body part Gate control theory-an explanation for pain control that proposes we have a neural gate that can, under some circumstances, block incoming pain signals if you experience pain you can take drugs like aspirin or you can get morphine which suppresses the pain messages in the spinal cord placebo-appears to be a drug, but is not (sugar pill) placebo effect-a response to a placebo caused by the belief that it is a real drug Perception gives meaning to sensation, so perception produces an interpretation of the world, not a perfect representation of itPercept The meaning product of perception, often an image that has been associated with concepts, memories of events, emotions, and motives What pathway-A neural pathway, projecting from the primary visual cortex to the temporal lobe, which involves identifying objects where pa thway-A neural pathway the projects visual information to the parietal lobe, responsible for hole objects in space blindsight-being conscious of information in the what pathway but not necessarily in the where pathway feature detectors-cells in the cortex that specialize in extracting certain features of a stimulus binding problemhow the brain combines the results from many senses into a single percept top-down process memories and ancient experiences in our brain tell perception bottom up process the sensed characteristics in the stimuli exert strong influence on our perceptions perceptual constancy-the ability to secernate the same object as remaining constant under different conditions, such as distance or location inattentional blindness-a failure to notice changes occurring in ones visual field, caused by narrowing the focus of ones attention change blindness-failure to notice that a visual scene has changed from the way it had appeared previously, requires comparing a scene to one from the past illusion-incorrect perception of a stimulus pattern especially one that fools others ambiguous figures-images that can be interpreted in more than one way.No right way to see an ambiguous figure Gestalt psychology believed that much of perception is shaped by innate factors built into the brain figure- a part of a pattern that stands out against the ground ground-part of a pattern that does not command attention-background closure-gestalt principle that identifies the tendency to fill in gaps in figures and to see incomplete figures as complete Laws of perceptual grouping-the gestalt principles of similarity, proximity, continuity, and common fate.Suggest how our brains prefer to group stimulus elements together to form a percept Law of similarity-gestalt principle, we tend to group similar objects together in out perceptions Law of proximity-gestalt principle, we tend to group objects together when they are near each other Law of continuity-gestalt principle, we prefer perceptions of connected and continuous figures to disconnected and at sea ones Law of common fate-gestalt principle, we tend to group similar objects together that share a common motion of destination Law ofPragnanz- Gestalt principle, the simplest organization, requiring the least cognitive effect, will emerge as a figure, full figures such as a closed circle Learning based inference- the view that perception is primarily shaped by learning rather by innate factors perceptual set-readiness to detect a particular stimulus in a given context somebody afraid interprets an unfamiliar sound as a threat, set of words, word missing binocular cues-information taken in by both eyes that acquired immune deficiency syndrome in depth perception, including binocular convergence and retinal disparity Monocular cues-information about depth that relies on the input of just one eye and includes relative size, light and shadow, relative motion and atmospheric pressure CH 8Cognitive Neuro science-An interdisciplinary field involving cognitive psychology, neurology, biology, computer science, linguistics, and other specialists who are interested in the connection between mental processes and the brain Nonconscious process-Any brain process that does not involve conscious processing, including both preconscious memories and unconscious(p) processes can perform many jobs at the same time (walk, chew gum, breath) Consciousness-The process by which the brain creates mental model of our experience, most common soul occurs during wakefulness, although there can be altered states Attention- a process by which sentience focuses on a single item of chunk in working memory Tools for studying brain- fMRI, EEG, PET Freuds levels of consciousnessPreconscious- A special unconscious storehouse for information no currently in conscious but readily available to the conscious (like your phone number) The unconscious-A part of the mind that processes below the level or knowingness, emotional memories, desires, and feelings that would be threatening if brought back to consciousness James stream of consciousness-walking consciousness is like a flowing stream carrying ever changing sensations, perceptions, thoughts, memories, feelings, and desires, this stream includes awareness of ourselves and of stimulation from our environment, can also include physical sensations from within like hunger or pain James said consciousness has 2 levels an area of focus for what we are focusing our attention on, and a peripheral conscious to encompass the feelings that give meaning to our focus The computer metaphor-likens consciousness to the information and images that appear on a computer screen nonconscious is the electronic activity behind the scene, which most of the time operates in parallel with consciousness Three important functions of the consciousnessConsciousness restricts our attention-(restriction) because it processes information serially, it limits what you notic e and think about,keeps your brain from being overwhelmed by stimulation cannot read while listening to music consciousness provides a mental meeting place-(combination) meeting place where sensation can combine with memory, emotions, motives, and a host of other psychological processes (perception) consciousness allows us to create a mental model of the world-(manipulation) a model we can manipulate in our minds, we dont just operate in the moment, we make a model that draws on memory and brings the past and the future into awareness.Coma-An unconscious state, during which a person lacks the normal cycles of sleep and wakefulness, usually only lasts a few days (between vegetative and minimally conscious states) Consciousness fluctuates in cycles that correspond to our biological rhythms and to patterns of stimulation in our environmental Daydreaming-A common (and quite normal) variation of consciousness in which attention shifts to memories, expectations, desires, or fantasies and away from the immediate situation daydreaming is automatic when we are in a restful state or not focused on something Circadian Rhythms-A pattern that repeats every 24 hours such as sleep and wakefulness cycle, jet lag Main Events of sleep rapid eye movement sleep sleep-stage that occurs approximately every 90 minutes, marked by bursts of rapid eye movement occurring under closed eye lids each REM period gets womb-to-tomb and longer Non-REM-the recurring periods, mainly associated with the deeper state of sleep, when a sleeper is not showing rapid eye movements Sleep paralysis- A condition in which a sleeper is unable to move any of the voluntary muscles except the eyes (normally occurs during REM) Stages of sleep Stage 1Slower theta waves, faster beta wavesStage 2 concise burst of fast electrical activity that reliably signal the end of stage 1 Stage 3 &4heart rate and breathing slow down , beta brain waves slow, delta waves appear DEEPEST sleep in stage 4 as stage 4 ends sleeper climbs back up the stages backwards REM sleep fast beta waves, rapid eye movement, after REM sleeper slips back into stage 2 REM rebound- A condition of increased REM sleep caused by REM sleep deprivation Sleep debt-A sleep deficiency caused by not getting the amount of sleep required for optimal functioning Isrealites interpreted dreams as messages from the gods Egyptians tried to influence dreams by sleeping in temples dedicated to the god of dreaming Chinese are scared to dream because they think the soul wanders outside the body Freuds theory of dreams manifest content-the story line of a dream, taken at face value without interpretation latent content- the symbolic meaning or objects and events in a dream Activation synthesis theory- the theory that dreams begin with haphazard electrical activation coming from the brain stem.The storyline of dreams are the brains attempt to make sense of this random activity Insomnia- involving insufficient sleep, the inability to fall hiber nating(prenominal) quickly, frequent arousals, or early awakenings Sleep Apnea- A respiratory disorder in which the person intermittently stops breathing many times while asleep Night terrors-deep sleep episodes that seem to produce terror, what made the person scared is usually forgotten on awakening, usually found in children narcolepsy-a disorder of REM sleep, involving sleep-onset periods in sudden daytime REM-sleep attacks An altered state of consciousness occurs when some aspect of normal consciousness is modified by mental, behavioral, or chemical means Hypnosis-A state of awareness characterized by deep relaxation, heightened suggestibility, and focused attention Hypnotizability- susceptibility measured by a persons responsiveness to standardized suggestions hypnosis an be used for dental and medical uses, psychological treatmentMeditation-A state of consciousness often induces by focusing on a repetitive behavior, assuming certain body positions, and minimizing external sti mulation Psychoactive drug-chemical that affects mental processes and behavior by its effect on the brain Hallucinogen-a drug that creates hallucinations or alters perception of the external environment and inner awareness Opiates-Highly addictive drug, derived from opium, that can produce a profound sense of sell being and has strong pain relieving properties Depressant-drug that slows down mental and physical activity by inhibiting transmission of nerve impulses in the brain (alcohol, barbiturates) Stimulants-speed up brain and mental and physical responses (cocain, amphetamine, nicotine, caffeine)General Anesthetic-substance that suppresses consciousness and awareness of pain, some produce sedation and immobility Tolerance-the reduces intensity level a drug has after repeated use psychical dependence-the body adjusts to and comes to need and drug for every day functioning addiction- a person continues to use a drug despite its adverse effects and many attempts to stop withdrawal -A pattern of uncomfortable or painful physical symptoms and cravings experienced by the exploiter when the level of drug is decreased or the drug is eliminated psychological dependency-a desire to obtain or use a drug, even though there is no physical dependence

Film Review: All Quiet on the Western Front Essay

After creation put through training camp under the harsh command of Corporal Himmelstoss, the sort out of friends is shipped out to the front lines. It is there that they see firsthand the tragic and often bloody effects of war. The word picture as a whole is told from the point of meet of the Germans, which in my soulfulnessal opinion takes away the romanticism that other films depicting this time period guideed to include, and gave the movie more appeal because of what I felt was a more realistic, and less biased depiction.In All Quiet on the Western, we be given perspective from that of young German soldiers, and in providing the audience with this perspective, the Germans ar humanized. This films message emphasizes the harsh reality of war, the fact that it took a toll on the enemy as well, how pointless WW1 really was, and how preventable it could energise been. After being persuaded to enlist in the army by their impassioned teacher Kantorek, capital of Minnesota and h is fellow classmates atomic number 18 quickly sent off to basic training.While there, they be under the command of the sadistic Himmelstoss. He is charged with training the young workforce, and does that but has an unfortunate penchant for harshly punishing anyone for even the smallest mistake. When their training is completed, the men are sent to the front lines, where they are put under the charge of Stanislaus Katczinsky. Katczinsky proves to be a much fairer and pleasant leader then Himmelstoss. It is by him that the boys are taught what is most important in the war and how to achieve it staying alive.With an increasing number of encounters with the enemy, comes an increasing amount of casualties. After losing many of his friends throughout the efforts of war, and being injured himself, Paul returns home. But when there, finds himself uncomfortable with his old life, and readily returns to the front lines. Although I enjoyed the general premise of the mend, which in my knowl edge seemed fairly realistic, there were several scenes and developments in the plot that I felt dragged on too long.One of which was when the boys were sent off to training camp, I felt that much of their time there that was shown was just them scholarship the same basic things over and over again, and this seemed to take up a reasonable amount of time without any real plot development. Overall, Pauls transition from an innocent to a weary man knowledgeable in the ways of war is good as pot boilers suit, but there were genuine developments that tended to drag on pointlessly and had somewhat of a dulling effect on the movie.I have very limited knowledge on what a person who experienced, or had been in the process of experiencing WW1 should have been kindred, therefore my opinion on the following is just that of my personal opinion. Im not sure if this really pertains to the actors and the portrayal of their character, but the majority of the characters in the film seemed to be v ery muted in their expression of opinion and emotions except for that of the character of Himmelstoss, who came off as more of a caricature.Although Richard Thomas does a decent enough job at giving his character some depth in his portrayal, such as the scene when Paul is left with only the company of a French soldier who is half alive because of previously being stabbed by Paul, this seems to serve as the only real look that we get at his inner turmoil. The direction in which the director has taken also seems somewhat stinted and drawn out. The issues pertaining to the war are addressed, but when being addressed are either paid extreme attention, or none at all.An example of the latter would be when Pauls fellow soldier joins him in the hospital after having had his leg amputated. The film focuses on this plot development for such a drawn out amount, that the deduction of it is somewhat lost. In contrast, there is a scene where Paul is witness to a fellow soldier suffering from th e effects of mustard gas, and he seems like he is hardly affected by this brief occurrence, which is never mentioned again. From what I can tell the script was well written in accordance to the situation, and the narrations by Paul served to further the story rather then hinder it.Although at times the dialogue seemed somewhat lacking, I feel that during such situations dialogue would realistically be lacking. Considering that All Quiet on the Western front is a made for TV movie from the late 70s, I cant really get to into its technical quality. There were a few things though that I thought could have been improved in that area. One of which was the overall editing of the film. As I have said before, there were some seems that didnt serve to further the movie at all, and some that were extended to a point of boredom.An example of such an instance were many of the battle scenes, which just seemed to drag on. The battle scenes also exhibited another flaw in the technical smell of th e movie, which was the exclusion of actual blood from the battle scenes. The lack of blood when it came to the battle scenes gave the film more of a contrived feel. The view that was afforded during the battle scenes was not the go around either, the camera having a tendency to shy away when anything too gruesome, such as a bomb going off would occur.In this respect though it did allow the quality of sound affects to prevail, providing our imagination with at least some sense of the battlefield. As film overall, the film paints a picture and concludes in a way that stresses and conveys the director and writers point The needless innocence was lost in a war that could have very well been avoided. Although the scenes tend to drag on in certain points, everything of importance is included in the film, which is better then leaving too many things out.The character in the film effectively play the role of the soldier, but can be lacking in certain parts, which leaves me confused as to i f this is purposeful or not. The film could have shown more of the gory effects of war to really convey the severity of it to the audience, and could have delved deeper into its effects on the characters rather then pointlessly drag on. But overall these things do not discourage the film from conveying its overall point, and the generally plot is one that is fresh and surprisingly enlightening.

How to Write a Reflective Account Essay

This is only guidance on what you need to include in your reflective account to provide evidence for the units you are doing, you will need to look at the units you are doing and be guided by the Assessment Criteria match that when writing your account write reflectively, using I statements, i.e I recorded in the guests daily notes, not it was recorded.You need to guarantee you are writing what YOU did, HOW you did it and why you did it the focal point you did.A brief history of the candidate, what you have changed the name to, and a brief description of your role in supporting the client, how did you find andHow you found out roughly the clients needs, wishes and preferences regarding communication and language, religion, personal care and any other activities you are responsible forHow did you confirm with the client this was preferred language and communication method?How did you find out about any risks to the client, and your role in protecting them.How did you record and s hare information about the clients communication needs?How did you build your relationship with the client?How did you ensure that you valued the client as an individual, with respect for their dignity and privacy and respect the clients culture, valves and diversity.How you carried out your work i.e personal care, and why you did it the wayyou did, how you found out what support the client wanted from you.Did you support the client to use the toilet, with bathing, dressing and grooming, eating and drinking etc, how did you do this, what H&S precautions did you get to and why.How did you encourage the client to identify what they can do for themselves and what they needed assistance with and who they needed the assistance from? Were there any changes in the clients needs, deal etc, what did you do about these.How you ensured that the environment was sage and that you adhered to H&S procedures i.e when moving and handling, dealing with contaminated waste, storing equipment and haza rdous materials etc. did you carry out H&S checks.What H&S issues did you identify during your work, how did you issue these, how were they reported and recorded.How you encouraged independenceHow did you protect the client and yourself from the risk of infection?How you talked to the client, encourage the client to talk about their daily life etc, what methods of communicating did you use, how did you ensure good eye contact during communicating with the client.How did you ensure that the client understood you and you understood them?How did you respond to any questions or concerns the client had, did you listen appropriately, did you need to seek advice about the clients or key peoples question or concerns where did you seek this from.Did you identify any discrimination, what did you do about this?How did you ensure that the client had the information about how to make acomment or complaint.How did you obtain feedback from clients and key people on how you were working with them, and from your colleagues and supervisors.How did you identify any peeled knowledge or skills that might help you with training was identified, a after attending training, how did you use the wise skills and knowledge, and was this of any benefit to you in your work. How did you review what you had learnt and how this new knowledge and skills have been useful?Did you observe any sign or symptoms of harm or abuse, what you did about this, how you reported and recorded this etc.Did you have to manage an accident or emergency, how did you do this how did you support the client and others involved, how and where did you record the incident

Ben and Jerry’s Entering into the Japanese Market

Ben and Jerrys Entering into the Nipponese Market sy Ihart2dance19 Ben Jerrys Homemade, Inc. produces exceedingly premium deoxyephedrine cream, frozen yogurt, and frosting cream novelties in enough and original flavors. The company sells its unique offerings In grocery stores, restaurants, and franchised Ice cream shops, and it holds about champion-third of the food trade for its products. This global company began with only a $12,000 investing to open Ben Jerrys Homemade Ice cream scoop shop In a renovated gas station in downtown Burlington, Vermont, on May 5th, 1978.From one mall shop In downtown Burlington, the company had grown to Include a chain of nearly 100 franchised shops, and a line of products sold in stores across the country. As one of the leading superpremium grump cream (greater richness and density than other kinds of Ice-cream and Is thitherfore sold at a relatively superior price) manufactures, Ben Jerrys has to continually expand and develop to compet e with other leading brands. The united States Is one of the largest exporting nations as well.The united States sells products to other countries because no country endure roduce all of the products the people want. In 1994, den Jerrys starting considering advancing into the Japan ice cream market, the second largest ice cream market in the earthly concern with sales of approximately $4,5 billion. According to the survey conducted by What Japan Thinks, nearly 2 out of 5 Japanese eat ice cream any week. However, Japan is a great distance from the united States and it would be complicated to distribute the Items to Japan.Japans barriers to Imports from foreign countries were high and Ben Jerrys were entering the Japanese ice cream market 0years atter Its competitors, such as Haagen-Dazs. According to the survey by What Japan Thinks, the biggest factor in ice cream purchase is by flavor and taste. The Japanese consumers pick out high-quality products with different flavors. The d emands of the Japanese coincide directly with the product mission statement of Ben Jerrys which is to make, distribute and sell the finest quality all natural ice cream and happy concoctions with a continued commitment to Incorporating wholesome, natural ingredients. So based on the quality and flavors of Ben & Jerrys, the ompany doesnt deal to change their recipes or ingredients to be popular In the Japanese ice cream market. However, In Japan ice cream is considered a snack more so than a dessert, so to be user- friendly to the Japanese, Ben Jerrys should big bucks their Ice cream In personal cups as well as their point sized package. Additionally, the Japanese ar very clean and conscience of sanitation, so having Individual serving would be more appealing to the Japanese people.According to What Japan Thinks, the most popular purchase of ice cream is a single-serving cup ot ice cream. When It comes to perishable goods, supermarkets seem to be much stricter In Japan than In the west about moving on stock before it gets old. It Is very big for a product to have a good reputation, especially in Japan, and if a product Isnt good quality no one will vitiate the product. Ben Jerrys should make sure that their products are being monitored, and if the ice cream is close to perishing, they should make sure It gets thrown out, or then their reputation can be ruined In a 1 Ofa minute. nen Ben & Jerrys aec10e outright tney wlll Introduce tnelr product to Japan, hey have to take into account the sociocultural forces and cultural differences between America and Japan. Although conveyance to Japan is not the easiest task, Ben & Jerrys is an established corporate company who has been shipping ice cream to the West Coast and to Europe in freezer containers. Ben & Jerrys needs to stool an efficient supply chain, the sequence of linked activities that must be performed by various organizations to move goods from the sources of raw materials to ultimate consumers, so the company can then ship out their products smoothly.The company hen has to find the best approach to their physical dispersion, or logistics. Bringing their products to Japan would desire detailed and structured outbound logistics involving managing the flow of finished products and information to business buyers and ultimate consumers. Ben & Jerrys then has to choose the right transportation mode. Because Japan is over seas from their Vermont factory, the only 2 options would be peeing transportation, which is inexpensive but slow (about 3 weeks) or by air, which is fast but expensive.Although Japan has barriers to foreign imports, in 948 the General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was formed, which was an worldwide forum for negotiating reductions in trade restrictions. The World Trade Organization (WTO) was also established to assume the task of mediating trade disputes among nations. Japan is part of the WTO, Joining on September 10th, 1955. This will make it ea sier for Ben & Jerrys to advance in Japans foreign market because there is a global mediation center. Also, there are expectations of falling tariffs on dairy products, which would be a desirable feature in selling in Japan.Even though Haagen-Dazs had already been selling their superpremium ice cream in Japans market, now Ben & Jerrys doesnt have to educate the Japanese market about superpremium ice cream. Haagen-Dazss sales in Japan were about $300 million, proving there is a large Japanese ice cream market and superpremium ice cream is desirable in the country. There are many advantages and disadvantages for Ben & Jerrys to penetrate the Japanese market by desireing on 7-Eleven, an international chain of gubbins stores, to distribute their superpremium ice cream.If Ben & Jerrys sold directly to 7-Eleven creating a Joint venture or a strategic alliance, they would create a long-term partnership between two companies to undertake a major project and help each company build competi tive market advantage. Because Ben & Jerrys have expanded all over the world it is a multinational corporation. If Ben & Jerrys could sell directly to 7-Eleven, it would eliminate the distribution costs. However, there would be a power essay between the 2 major companies.If Ben & jerrys agrees to an exclusive agreement with the massive convenience store chain, 7- Eleven would have the upper hand. Another advantage of entering the market through 7-Eleven is the immediate placement of Ben Jerrys in over 7000 convenience stores in Japan, giving Ben Jerrys an instant access to the market on a large scale. Yet, by doing this, Ben Jerrys might not be able to build their own brand name and an issue with 7-Eleven would leave Ben Jerrys without their own position in the Japanese market.Also, 7-Eleven insisted that Ben Jerrys ice cream be packaged in personal cups as opposed to the pint size, due to the cultural view of ice cream in Japan. This would require $2 million in equipment and different methods in packaging the ice cream, because Ben Jerrys would have to comply wltn tnese cnanges. I ne -Eleven approacn to Just-ln-tlme Inventory procedures would make delivery reliability key and costs would have to be minimized. Because the Japanese production is unique, Ben & Jerrys would have to be careful to not mix up the Japanese label with the unceasing label.A disadvantage of relying on 7-Eleven is the asset specific investment in production equipment. Due to these changes, there would be complex logistics and production planning. Also, the pricing and profit distributions are unclear. The only clear thing was that Ben & Jerrys would be shipping from their Vermont factory. Entering the market with 7-Eleven would allow Ben & Jerrys to have look of their brand, although 7-Eleven would have a dominant position. Ben & Jerrys would have to rely on 7-Eleven promoting the brand, which 7- Eleven wasnt promising.A major advantage is that 7-Eleven is an established corpor ation, so 7-Eleven has high-level executive involvement and an efficient supply chain. Ben Jerrys would increase sales through convenience stores and would ccess the market on a large scale easily. Ken Yamada was also interested in acting as a licensee for Ben Jerrys in Japan, overseeing marketing and distribution of its products there. Yamada would be the marketing intermediary for Ben Jerrys, being the independent firm which will assist in the flow of goods and services from producers to end-users.Yamada would be a good chance because he was a well- recommended third-generation Japanese-American, so he knew the culture and how to integrate American and Japanese cultures. He also was already running the Dominos Pizza franchise in Japan. The Dominos franchise in Japan was very successful, and Dominos already delivered ice cream cups, so they had the resources to deliver Ben & Jerrys. However, part of Yamadas agreement was that he would have exclusive rights to the stainless Jap anese market.This would mean that Yamada would have full control of branding and marketing efforts, devising Ben Jerrys fully dependent on the efforts of Yamada. He would have full control of the marketing and sales in Japan. Yamada would introduce Ben Jerrys to the Japanese market from he sign steps to the large picture starting with positioning the brand, formulating and strategically orchestrating the initial launch, and concentrating on the best marketing and distribution strategy for the long-term positioning of Ben Jerrys in Japan.By using Yamada to introduce Ben Jerrys in the Japanese market, Yamada would earn royalty on all sales, but he would have full control of the Japanese market. This would give Ben Jerrys instant expertise in a foreign market and because Yamada was already running Dominos, there was a simple entry strategy and an ongoing marketing management. Yamada was very valuable to the ice cream company. He knew frozen foods, he had an entrepreneurial spiri t and marketing sa. n. y.However, because Yamada would be investing his time in a marketing campaign only after reaching an agreement with Ben Jerrys, there was no specific plan available for consideration, and Yamada would have full control and the right to change any plan. Yamada has good market knowledge and the managerial requirements, making it less demanding for Ben Jerrys. However, he has no specific business plan and no brand control. Although Ben Jerrys managers believe the ompany should delay entering the Japanese market because of economic problems, I think Ben Jerrys should enter the Japanese market.Japan is the second largest ice cream market globally, with sweet growth rates. Japan has high profit margins. Japan nas a nlgn aemana Tor super premium Ice cream. Inere Is also a aecllnlng aomestlc growth rates and market shares in Japan. Also, Ben Jerrys has excess capacity in the United States factory. Japan has the second largest ice cream market in the world with sa les of approximately $4. 5 billion, proving that Ben Jerrys would be very successful entering the Japanese market.