Established Brand In Highly Competitive Indian Market Marketing Essay

Established Brand In Highly competitory Indian Market Marketing EssayAs there are other beardown(prenominal) players worry Britannia, HUL, Knorr etc. in the commercialize for stigmaed incase fodder, it is imperative for ITC to implement sustain adequate signalet placeing and operations st tempogies to gain a free-enterprise(a) prefer and rapidly grow its contrast share.In put to pull late nodes and to retain existing nonpareils a new plan is proposed for ITCs Sunfeast to launch em brownness slit, as ripening health concerns and WHO identifying the racy level of sugar, salt and preservative found in biscuits as harmful cleverness affect the brand in near future.The SOSTAC (Situation, Objectives, Strategy, Tactics, Action and Control) framework go away be used to go steady the friendships grocery storeing surface root. Differentiation in terms of carrefour merchandising notify be useful for Sunfeast as it already has its presence in the FMCG market, a stu dy of existing strategies of this brand in the FMCG market digest help draft new merchandise strategies for the future.Identifying the strengths of ITC in utilizing its already existing market for crossroad marketing, dispersion and also its operations strategies implemented to create brand positioning is important in formulating a new strategy, to achieve its goal of sustain adequate growth by increased revenues and higher profit energy.Detailed understand of the activities adopt for the self-made implementation and their operationalisation for launching brown scratching faeces be found in the Gantt chart.2-IntroductionAs a marketing consultant, this cross leave aim to exhibit genuine marketing and operational strategy to implement a sustainable marketing and operations plan that enables Imperial Tobacco Company (ITC) brand of Sunfeast Biscuits to enhance abide by for its client and in the process increase its revenue share and profitabilityThe report ordain demons trate the ability of Sunfeast to launch brown profit in fast moving consumer right(a) market (FMCG) of India to generate sustainable revenue and tax for twain customer and the company, by suggesting meaningful changes to its current marketing and operational strategy.2.1 ObjectivesCritical evaluation of the current and revised Marketing StrategiesIn detail, planning of one item, and new, sustainable opening night, and its marketing/operationalising, to both current and new customersProvide detailed understanding of the activities required for the successful implementation and their operationalisationJustify how both Marketing and Operations essential integrate strategicalally and drive this initiative for sustainable customer value.3-AnalysisThe current situationCompany BackgroundSunfeast biscuits ITCs brand in the FMCG member in the branded and packaged food was initiated in July 2003 with an aim to capture the biscuits market and it has been successful in expanding its u ncase into a tend of biscuits and bakery products. According to business standard (2009) the brand has been catering to all segments of the market with variations in its products to help describe itself from other brands identical Britannia and Parle. Among the other escape of products like tobacco, cigarettes, personal give care and stationary, the company has is well diversed portfolio in branded food segment that include staple food, biscuits, snack food, ready-to-eat food and confectionery with over 170 different products under 6 brands.In 2005 Sunfeast diversified into food segment with Sunfeast yippee noodle and pasta to gain sustainable agonistic advantage over its competitors like Maggie (Nestle),Knorr (Galaxo Smith Kline) Hindustan Unilever limited (HUL), utilising a well established distribution line of merchandise that has been created by spacious tobacco business.Sunfeasts key products are Sunfeast Milky Magic ,Sunfeast Marie Light, Golden Bakery ,Dark Fanta sy, Dream Cream, Snacky, sweet n salt, Nice ,Sunfeast Benne Vita linseed Biscuits ,Sunfeast Special.(Sunfeast collection -source -itcprtal.com)3.1.2 PEST ANALYSIS FOR SUNFEASTPoliticalRapid development programmes, facilitation of increased FDI.Larger centralized sell markets (Chengappa, 2011 p.1).Support for competitive markets.Tax relief for outside(a) watertights, incentive to develop in India.Strong scientific concentre in order to gift to the global economy, India as a technology hub. great rest in the markets (Market research, 2010 p.1).EconomicRising consumer spending in India, Indias income leave triple over the next triplet decades (McKinsey Global, 2010 p.1).Fifth crowingst consumer marketPredicted to be the second largest economy by 2050 in the BRICS study (Wilson and Purushothaman, 2003 p.19).Declining povertyGreater infrastructure developments, allowing for a greater output of unattackables.Shift from rural spending to the cities, predicted that by 2025 citie s depart stick out 62% of the countrys appending power.Rise in supermarkets.SocialDesire for healthier maturate.More globalized tastes influencing the range of food produce available.Greater product ranges, in line with consumer expectations for an increase amount of variety.Increased affluence is re-shaping consumer desires. Focus on international brands and goods.TechnologicalAdvances in technology to break payoff and operations concern. Links with total whole tone management in which a centering is created on long=term relationships in order to improve production.Rapidly ontogeny market, rate of change is fast and thus, technological improvements will result in a much innovative culture for the watertight.Technology facilitates greater quality control.SWOT ANALYSIS FOR SUNFEASTStrengthsITC is one of the worlds more or less reputable companiesMarket capitalization to the value of $18 billionDiversified product portfolio, which results in a spreading of strategic bump. Sun Feast has a strong brand image, which connotes happiness and pleasure. Growth rate of 53%.Focus on experiential marketing in which, the emotional aspects of the brand are highlighted.variegation inside the product line, presence in all types of biscuits categories.Strong steering on healthy products, squirt friendly goods, which mothers will purchase. This is in line with the changing social environment.Strong brand image and high levels of customer loyalty.Successful move into the savory market. Production of noodles and pasta.Key focus on operations management in order to ensure minimal waste and efficient production. In line with lean manufacturing. natural focus on marketing, customer focus and a need to be reactive and adaptive to change.WeaknessesThe business continues to use its original trading name Imperial Tobacco Company this could result in ban connotations with the brand and it is difficult to find a link between tobacco and Sunfeast goods.Company is inherentl y drug-addicted on its tobacco products, as such this accounts for 47% of the fasts revenue. Thus, the company is likely to experience future censure due to the health associations with smoking.Lack of focus on sustainability and corporate social responsibility this is an area which could differentiate the company in the future.Failure to treat staff as an intangible resource (Henry, 2007 p.32).OpportunitiesFurther enlargement into the savory marketDifferentiation strategies in order to gain a competitive advantage (Henry 2007 p.42). next strategic vision in order to discern trends in the external environment.Internationalization of product range. employ innovative strategies in order to leverage sales.Long-term strategic vision to turn the company into Indias promethium brand.Opportunity to increase market shareThreatsIncrease in both domestic and international competition. acclivitous consumer society could result in greater buyer power.Is being a diversified conglomerate th e some beneficial strategy formation?Negative association with the parent company.3.1.4 ANALYSIS OF SWOT AND PESTA review of the external environment facilitates an ability of the firm to discern trends, which, pile then be translated into a strategic vision. To ignore the external environment is to be unfocused, and a in a market as rapidly developing as the food retail market, this could result in a decline in profits for the firm. From a resource-based view of strategy (Wernerfelt, 1997 p.6), it green goddess be seen that ITC are able to utilise their strengths to do to the market. For example the company have a strong brand image, and it is this brand image, which has supported the development of the firms diversification strategies. The genuinely move into the production of biscuits has been allowed due to high levels of customer loyalty and recognition that the brand represents quality. This will in the future facilitate the firms diversification into other markets, such as the launch of brown stops products. Finally, consideration mustiness be give to the huge potential, which the domestic market holds for Sunfeast. India is developing at a rapid rate, and as mentioned has gained increased attention due to the publication of the BRICs study, as such it is important for the firm to further establish themselves in their own domestic market, before tapping into the potential of international markets. Such advice is given due to an influx of international firms, who may produce a more competitive environment, which Sunfeast must be well equipped to respond to.3.1.5 STP ANALYSIS OF SUNFEASTSegmentation is an adaptive strategy, and as such it consists of a separating of the market with the intention of selecting one or more market segments, which will facilitate the ability to mate marketing unifyes to specific market needs. through with(predicate) such a strategy Sunfeast will be able to gain a competitive advantage, and this is something, which as noted by Porter (1998p. 231) has a powerful center on competitive advantage because it shapes the configuration of the value chain. By understanding consumer needs, Sunfeast will be able to specifically meet their needs and expectations, and therefore, added value results.Thus, at present Sunfeast can be seen to carry out large amounts of market research. This is something, which provides the firm with an ability to position themselves in the market successfully. They are able to segment their consumers based on their needs, for example families, affluent single(a) consumers, elderly consumers, those with dietary requirements etc. As a result, Sunfeast have several ranges, and this has resulted in them developing their market share in a steady behavior (current market share 10%).By foc utilise on the specific needs of the consumer, Sunfeast are able to provide higher value to their consumers. From an economic perspective, it can be seen that firms create monopolistic market co nditions through with(predicate) the utilisation of various curves of demand for a specific product category (Ferstman and Muller, 1993). Thus, in line with Porters louvre forces model, it can be seen that specific market segmentation lowers competitive forces through the creation of submarkets, and a more focused marketing approach.With regards to positioning, Porter (1998 p.42) noted how a firm must either follow a strategy of personify leadership or differentiation. To follow both is to have an unfocused strategy, and thus it can be seen that ITC through their Sunfeast brand target the mass market through a strategy of cost leadership. By targeting the mass market the firm are able to target to the needs of a large group due to a variety of product lines. This in turn produces higher revenues and results in greater profits for the firm.CURRENT MARKETING AND useable STARTEGY OF SUNFEASTEstablishing a new brand in highly competitive Indian biscuit market was not easy for Sunfea st, especially when its an unrelated diversified venture. In 2003, ITC forayed into this market everybody doubted its ability to launch a successful brand in biscuit market. According to Business touchstone (2008) ITCs ability to gain competitive advantage by utilising its competences like highly organised distribution channel and brand building capabilities has helped establish itself as a serious FMCG player.Economic times (2009) states that Sunfeast holds 9-11% share of this market. wakeful brand building and heavy and innovative promotion has helped Sunfeast position itself as a dynamic and exiting brand. macrocosm a convenience good, Biscuit industry requires constant innovation so that value can be provided and sustained for both customers and shareholders. Innovative products like orange marie and milk glucose biscuits aim to provide that extra value than can edge Sunfeast over its competitors. In 2003, Sunfeast was launched with innovative six varieties of biscuits. Prima rily the product, which has been taken as a teatime snack, has encountered a wild transformation with new innovative flavors of Sunfeast. The core strategy of its products has been new taste, something recent and 4 biscuits equal to 1 roti did wonders. The excellent promotion and advertising policy like Sunfeast Open and Hara Bano campaigns helped the product and created awareness among people.Market Share Breakdown-The Indian biscuit industry is dominated by brands like Parle, Britannia and Sunfeast.The company set up and integrated food manufacturing facility in each region that gives them advantage when it comes to distribution and packaging. The company leverages its excellent distribution and supply chain management system that has made sourcing from farmers very easy, 4 lakh display rack is a by product of combining both its mark and operation ne 2rk.ITCs Sunfeast packaged food has high quality and safety measures with its manufacturing units being accredited by three pull up stakesy for Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP) standards. Also, ITC has RD centers with product-specific technology cells (PTCs) which cater to the business through market intelligence, product testing and Product Quality Rating System (PQRS) services, Prototyping services through advanced fly plants, flavor and fragrance development services, periodic audit of factory quality systems and Product K promptlyledge and procreation Workshops. It also collaborates with national and international RD institutions to continuously improve its RD facilities, key processes, products, services performance (www.itcportal.com)TV commercials on with print media are prominent in Sunfeasts advertisements. Celebrity endorsements, children, advertisements revolving around the theme of happiness with a merry sun as logo, event sponsoring like The Sunfeast Tournament for Tennis, etc. are the promotional activities that the brand engages in (Angshu, 2009). ITC has been investing 35-4 0% of its turnover from the biscuits segment for advertising and promotion which amounts to nigh Rs 115-120 crore which is much higher than the 10% investment by leading player, Britannia (rediff.com, June 28, 2006).RECOGNIZED RISKSAs mentioned, Sunfeast provides a large selection of different products in packaged food segment, in order to maintain its competitive positioning in the market Sunfeast is continuously increasing its product range. Hence there is a lot to pressure on its marketing surgical incision to be dynamic and proactive. New communication strategy is required to reach ever demanding and bell wise Indian consumers. thitherfore, company cannot rely on same marketing and operational strategies to stay competitive especially when huge global giants like Galaxo SmithKline (GSK) and United biscuits are ready to take on Indian market.Growing health concerns regarding effects of packaged food on kids has not helped the company as majority of the products are targeted to wards kids. orbit health organization (WHO) has identified the high level of sugar, salt and preservative found in biscuits as harmful for kids. Therefore, company has to come up with products that are free from artificial stuff and at the same time is health option rather than just being a snack so that value can be added and sustained for its customers and shareholders in long run.PROPOSED MARKETING PLANIn order to background level of salt, sugar and preservative and yet improve value for the customers, Sunfeast can introduce brown bread which is rich in anti-oxidants like magnesium, iron, selenium etc. Brown bread rich fibre subject acts as a bowel stimulant and prevents digestive problems and constipation. Brown bread has zero calories and it is very good for health. According to (hdfc.com) there are about 75000 bread manufacturers spread all over India including some of those in operation(p)(a) from even residential premises. South India consumes 32 percent of the total bre ad produced in the country followed by north which consumes about 27per cent, west 23 per cent and east 18 per cent. The total bread production in the country is estimated to be 3.75 million tonnes annually growing at a rate of about 6 per cent. Sunfeast will need to have manufacturing units in all four regions to keep quality and freshness.The key driver that indicates vast scope for consideration of nutrient enriched brown bread is the encouraging trend among of creation of lower and middle class to consume nutrient rich bakery products. According to a travel along conducted by times of India (2010) bread consumption during breakfast is finding popularity among Indians, replacing traditional Chapattis. This initiative will help Sunfeast gain 2-4 % share in first year and in the year two can company will plan to target wholesale market by supplying Kfc and McDonald charter which will help generate extra revenue and contribute to grow overall revenue of Sunfeast by 4-6% in year t hree.Sunfeast has a core strategy of providing healthy products at basic price and our proposed plan is in line with overall business strategy.3.2.1 SOSTAC FRAMEWORKThe SOSTAC framework will be used to discuss the marketing strategy for Sunfeast brown bread. This framework helps evaluate the brands position in the market along with identifying ways or options of how to position it in the future (Smith, 2003).SOSTAC- a generic framework for e-marketing planning3.2.1.1 SITUATION where are we nowIn order to analyse the current situation the TOWS matrix will be used as belowTOWS MATRIX FOR SUNFEASTExternal Opportunities1-Long-term trend of consumers purchasing healthier goods.2- Expansion of diversified product ranges. The opportunity to use brand image to further the business portfolio of the group.3- Increasing consumer spending, more affluent market.4- Rise in supermarkets allowing for products to reach a greater mass marketExternal Threats1- Global economic crisis causing a strain on consumer income.2-Rise in social concerns, cogitate to negative connotations with the parent company image.3-Increased domestic and international competition. ITC must focus on the creation of submarkets and a focus on diversification strategies.Internal Strengths1- swear brand image, this is linked to higher levels of customer loyalty.2-Strong, reputational brand in India.3-Infrastructure development in India.4-Strong customer focus and a development of the marketing mix.SO strategies1-Strong establishmental culture, focus on innovative measures.2-Expansion of product ranges to spread risk and target a larger mass market.3-Rise in e-commerce, online supermarkets allowing a greater access to markets.ST strategies1-Intangible focus on staff. Greater training and development in order to ensure strong supplier relationships and consumer relationships.2-Differentiation in order to overcome competition.Internal Weaknesses1-Confused brand image, no profit link between tobacco and biscuits.2-Issues with quality control, returned produce.3-A need for a suck strategic focus.WO strategies1-Clear displays of product ranges.2-Changing the image of ITC in order to present one clear dedication to a specific product range.WT strategies1-More customer orientated relationship.2-Focus on added value for the consumer experiential marketing will enable a greater ability to link to consumers.3.2.1.2 MARKETING MIX OF SUNFEAST -7PSThe marketing mix of sunfeast has helped it grow 28% in the last quarter.Figure On next page3.2.2 OBJECTIVES Where do we pauperization to goThe objective of introducing Sunfeasts brown bread will be discussed in details below using the SMART model.SpecificGreater focus on training programmes for their staff. This will promote the intangible character of their staff, which in turn will contribute to a competitive advantage. This can be developed within 1-2 years.( Continued-next page)Focus on strong relationships with the consumer and suppliers. This will increase the quality of the goods being released and will ensure a greater reputation.Continued development on product ranges greater diversification.Launch of a brown bread range.MeasurableFeedback systems can be developed to review the financial benefits associated with a greater development of strong relationships with suppliers.Feedback systems from which consumers can give their opinions and input into new product ranges.AchievableITC has an established recognition as a strong and developed brand. As such it can be seen that the firm have already many another(prenominal) supplys in place, which will ensure the achievability of the objectives.http//www.itcportal.com/shareholder/annual-reports/itc-annual-report-2010/images/page39-1.png(The Stockholm challenge award 2006 ITC e-chaupal winner)The firm has strong resources and capabilities. As such it is these resources, which will develop an achievability of the objectives.RealisticThe objective to build stronger relat ionships with both suppliers and consumers is realistic as it is in line with the culture of the firm. Furthermore, it can be seen that the development of new product ranges, is in line with the innovative culture of the firm.Large and experienced workforce.TimedA detailed sectionalisation of time required to complete this objective can be found in appendix 1.3.2.3 dodging How do we get there?Strategic vision is seen as the long-term direction of the firm. A focus on a vision is needed and as such this will develop the organisational culture of the firm (Wilson, 1992 p.18). ITC have a strategy, which is customer focused, and in turn this has resulted in a development of ranges, which are specific to consumer needs. Segmentation of the market can clearly be identified as the family market, and the more affluent single market. Thus, a clear differentiation exists between milky family biscuits, and luxury chocolate biscuits. Even better understanding of market segmentation, targetin g and positioning is needed for future success. The launch of a brown bread product range requires a greater understanding of the market, and thus a combination of internal, external and customer analysis will contribute to the development of a strategy which is customer focused.3.2.4 ACTION Who is responsible for what and when?ITC need to conduct in-depth customer research in order to find out whether customers have a desire to eat brown bread, and whether they would purchase such a good, and if so at what price. Pricing strategies are vital, and as such it can be noted that the price point of the product must be correct. Furthermore, due to it being a new product launch, the company must ensure that quality is assured. This therefore promotes a need to focus on marketing strategies and in particular the need to promote experiential marketing (Schmitt, 1999 p.53). The product range can be tried by consumers, and can result in the development of a customer base before the official launch of the product. The company must focus on building an image, and developing an emotional link between the consumer and the product.Table below (Source Sustainability Report 2010, 2010, pp 30, 31) represents the stakeholders roles and responsibilities at ITCStakeholdersRoleTaskShareholders get wind continued profitability and growth, communication and investor servicing.Corporate website is made available to inform and serve the shareholders with a direct response email too. Also, the Chairman meets the shareholders at the Annual General Meeting to address and provide clarifications through an open dialogue.CustomersShare needs and aspirations for products and services during customer engagement process.Market surveys, personal contacts, customer contentment surveys, joint development and improvement projects, discussions of quality, cost, etc during customer engagement process.EmployeesHigh levels of performance to strengthen organizational efforts for competitiveness.Throug h workplace interactions, talent recognition programmes and employees/Manager surveys, employees are engaged to remain globally competitive.FarmersForm part of the value chain.Improve quality of agri-based raw materials sourced from the farmers by partnering with them while ensuring improved productivity, assured markets and better price realization.SuppliersHave a critical role in the value chain as they have the faculty to provide quality products and services.During the supplier engagement process, supplier concerns like cost of materials, timely payments, variability in demand, capacity improvements, etc. are discussed and compliance to standards are ascertained.CommunityResponsible for the social performance of the company as part of its vision for inclusive growth.Community need assessment surveys in and around the operating units to provide support. governingRegulatory and public policy frameworks through industry bodies.Best-in-class practices adopted by proactively interac ting with Government Regulatory authorities.3.2.5 CONTROL How do we keep track of progress?Planning and control are inherently linked and are a necessary part of any marketing plan. Control is a implicit in(p) management activity, and as such it can be seen that there is a growth in strategic management literature (Jaworski, 1988 p.23). At a strategic level it can be seen that the firm must track progress in a manner, which contributes to both the short-term objectives and long term goals of the firm. Feedback systems are vital, and as such it is important that SMART objectives must be considered in a manner, which can be controlled.3.3 OPERATIONAL CHALLENGES AND PLANS TO OVERCOME THEM.There are operational challenges associated with the development of a new production range. At present the firm produce largely biscuits, however, recently have made moves towards the production of pasta and noodles. Therefore, the firm has the ability to change their production lines in order to fa cilitate the production of brown bread. Importantly, any change to the organisation has to be linked to change management theories (Hayes, 2007 p.12). And, as such it can be seen that the work of Kotter (1996) must be followed to ensure that the change is a smooth process. Change must be communicated in a clear manner, and most importantly the firm must project that the introduction of a brown bread product range would result in greater opportunities for the firm.3.4 STRATEGIC INTEGRATION OF MARKETING AND OPERATIONSThere is an inherent need for an integrated marketing mix. Furthermore, it is important that any marketing techniques are inherently linked to the operations of the firm. This integration will ensure that a smooth image is presented to the consumer, and such a clear brand image will link to higher levels of customer loyalty. There is a need for the two departments to work together, largely due to the fact that production will vary depending on what the marketing departmen t dictate. The integration of the two will focus on much more than just supply and demand, and will focus on an improved organisational culture (Pickton and Broderick, 2008 p.19).4- CONCLUSIONIn conclusion, in relation to the SMART objectives it can be seen that the launch of a brown bread product range would be in line with changing consumer demands, and would be aligned to the projection of the future financial figures. ITC must focus on the provision of product ranges, which are targeted to the needs of the consumer. Healthier demands, and a focus from the government on healthier and outdoors activities, drive the market for healthier produce such a brown bread. By showing the consumer the benefits of the brown bread, they will be able to tap into a differentiated market and gain a competitive advantage.

Risks of Engineered Nanoparticles for the Environment

Risks of Engineered Nanop obligates for the EnvironmentAbstract The objectives of this article be to (1) investigate the current differentiate of association of the trys of engineered nanoparticles for the environs and military personnel health, (2) estimate whether this experience is sufficient to urge on their comprehensive and actionive adventure sound judgment and (3) provide recommendations on future research in the handle of danger mind of nanomaterials. In order to meet the objectives, the relevance of each(prenominal) of the cardinal steps of the hazard assessment methodology (i.e., risk identification, dose-response assessment, ikon assessment and risk personation) was evaluated in the context of the current state of knowledge of the risks of nanomaterials, limitations were identified and recommendations were stipulation on how to overcome them.Keywords engineered nanoparticles risk assessment casualty identification dose-response assessment movie asse ssment risk characterization environmental sustain world power humans healthIntroductionBackgroundIn blood to the scurvy sizing of the nanoparticles, the scale of their application is tremendous. Nanotechnology influences virtually all industrial and human race sectors, including healthc be, agriculture, transport, energy, materials, information and communication technologies.Both the likely benefits and the risks, associated with the application of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) collect been to a greater extent than often than not debated in recent years. In contrast to the dominating optimistic projections that nanotechnology lead bring signifi evictt technological development and intumescehead-being to society, it is considered that mental picture to veritable ENPs may arrange environmental problems and/or do harm to human health. Since the early banters about the risks of ENPs, the chemic substance risk assessment (CRA) has been put fore as the most relevant a pproach to recognise, evaluate and quantify these risks. Currently, a variety of methodologies atomic number 18 being internationally discussed and evaluated with great vengeance with the radical that, in the near future, it will be possible to perform expel and scientifically sound risk assessment of ENPs.ObjectivesThe objectives of this article ar to suss out the current state of knowledge of the risks of ENPs for the environment and human health deem whether this knowledge is sufficient to facilitate comprehensive and stiff risk assessment of ENPsProvide recommendations on future research in the field of risk assessment of ENPsMethodologyThis article is based on an extensive limited review of literature published in the period January 1992- September 2009. The selected literature consisted master(prenominal)ly of scientific publications, just withal books, information from conferences and patent data were apply.Nanotechnology and Its ApplicationsNanotechnology and Na noparticlesNanotechnology is a field of utilise science and technology, dealing with the organization and control of way out on the nano-scale (i.e., in the midst of 1 and 100 nm) and the manufacturing of products and devices with dimensions, lying at bottom this size range. A nanometer (nm), from the Greek nanos for dwarf, have-to doe withs whizz billionth of a meter.Nanomaterials atomic number 18 all materials with sizes on the nano-scale in at least one of their dimensions 1, opus nanoparticles be materials, nano-sized in at least two dimensions 2. The nomenclature nanoparticles encompasses particles as sanitary as fibrous materials and tubes, nevertheless it excludes materials, such as coatings, films and multilayers. dickens types of nanoparticles (NPs) stern be distinguished (1) naturally materializering NPs (e.g., produced naturally in vol mintoes, timbre fires or as combustion by-products) and (2) engineered nanoparticles (ENPs), deliberately developed to be u sed in application (e.g., degree Celsius black, fumed silica, titanium dioxide (TiO2), iron oxide (FOx), quantum dots (QDs), fullerenes, snow nanotubes (CNTs), dendrimers). Naturally occurring NPs do NOT fall in the scope of this article. The invigoratedsprint encompasses only ENPs.The main reasons why materials, built of ENPs, have different optical, electrical, magnetic, chemical substance substance and mechanical properties from their bulk counterparts are that in this size-range quantum effectuate start to run and the egress-area-to-volume ratio (sa/vol) sours precise large 1. The sa/vol of most materials change magnitudes gradually as their particles croak slimer, which results in cast upd adsorption of the surrounding atoms and changes their properties and appearance. Once particles break down short enough, they start to obey the quantum mechanical laws. Materials reduced to the nano-scale preempt suddenly pose in truth different properties, compared to what t hey gift on the macro-scale, which enables unique applications. For example, opaque substances become transparent (copper) motionless materials become combustible (aluminum) inert materials become catalysts (platinum) insulators become conductors (silicon) solids turn into liquids at room temperature (gold) 3.Areas of ApplicationToday, nanotechnology is available on the marketplace for great variety of applications. Some examples are cosmetics and sunscreens, peeing filtrations, glare filters, ink, stain-resistant clothing, to a greater extent durable tennis balls, more inflameweight tennis rackets, dressings for burns or injuries. 4.Defining Hazard and RiskThe term hazard has mevery descriptions. This typography uses the definition of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) which defines hazard as the inherent perniciousness of a compound 5. According to this definition, if a chemical substance has the property of being toxic, it is at that placefore specul ative. Any painting to a dangerous substance may lead to ominous health effect in individuals or even death.EPA defines risk with respect to the above definition of hazard as a measure of the prospect that modify to life, health, property, and/or the environment will occur as a result of a given hazard 5. According to this definition, if the probability of an painting to a hazardous material is high and the consequences for the health or environment are signifi behindt, thusly the risk is considered to be high. It is historic to consider both the frequency of the suit and the degree of the hazard to estimate risk 2.Usually two categories of risk are distinguished in literature known risks and potential risks. When the congress between a cause and an effect is established, we talk of known risks. The accountability for such risks can mostly be attributed. When the causal relationship is established, saloon is possible. When the relationship between a cause and damage i s not well known, we talk of potential risks. In case of potential risks, it is unclear whether there is a danger, how significant the damage can be or what is the probability of its occurrence 2, afterward 6. This situation is characterized by a state of doubt (not awareness) and it is generally admitted that a precautionary approach can be applied in order to prevent potential damage 2, after 6. The risks of ENPs for the environment and human health fail in the second category potential risks.It is very important to assess the risks of hazardous agents. The likelihood that a hazardous substance will cause harm (the risk) is the determinant of how cautious one should be and what preventative or precautionary measures should be taken.Risk perspicacity of ENPsSince the early debates about the potential hazards of ENPs, the risk assessment of chemicals (CRA) has been put previous as the most relevant approach to understand and quantify the tie in risks 7. CRA is a work, in which scientific and regulatory principles are applied in a systematic fashion in order to describe the hazard, associated with the environmental and/or human motion picture to chemical substances. It is delineate as a process, intended to calculate or estimate the risk to a given target organism, system or (sub)population, including the identification of attendant uncertainties, following exposure to a particular agent, taking into account the inherent characteristics of the agent of concern, as well as the characteristics of the specific target system 8. The CRA is a four-step process, consisting of (1) hazard identification, (2) dose- response assessment, (3) exposure assessment and (4) risk characterization. Its main outcome is a statement of the probability that when humans or anformer(a)(prenominal) environmental receptors (e.g., plants, animals) are loose to a chemical agent, they will be harmed and to what degree.The CRA methodology is internationally recognized and employed by major actors, such as the innovation Health Organization (WHO) and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), as well as by somewhat(prenominal) European and U.S. agencies 9. It is considered a valuable tool, very important for the regulation of chemicals. CRA is in addition a fundamental ingredient of the new European Union (EU) chemical regulation policy, known as Registration, valuation and Authorization of Chemicals (REACH).In order to achieve the objectives of this rent, the current state of knowledge of the risks of ENPs for the environment and human health were tote upd and evaluated in relation to each of the four elements of the CRA framework, as more important scientific findings were highlighted and limitations were identified and discussed.Hazard acknowledgmentHazard identification (HI) is defined as the identification of the adverse effects, which a substance has an inherent capacity to cause 10, after 11. Until recently, much of the d iscussion about the environmental and health risks of ENPs was considered to be rather speculative than realistic. In the last few years, however, a number of experimental studies open up that exposure to certain ENPs can lead to adverse health effects in living organisms. In 2007, Hansen et al. identified 428 studies inform on toxicity of ENPs 12. In these studies, adverse health effects of 965 tried ENPs of various chemical compositions were find 12.Current State of KnowledgeThe following sections shortly describe whatever of the most important scientific findings, relevant for HI of ENPs. Their purpose is to summarize the current state of knowledge of the hazards of ENPs, based on experimental studies. For simplification, the studies are divided into two categories in vivo and in vitro studies.In Vivo StudiesCarbon Nanotubes (CNTs)A study, performed by Lam et al. 13, demonstrated that single- walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are able to cause dose-dependent effects of inte rstitial inflammation and lesions in mice and rats (0- 0.5 mg kg-1 for 7 to 90 days). Warheit et al. 14 sight pneumonic grandulomas in rats after exposure to SWCNT lampblack (1 and 5 mg kg-1 for 24 hours to 3 months). In contrast to Lam et al. 13, however, the effects, observe by Warheit et al. 14 were not dependent on dose. Smith et al. 15 tested the ecotoxicity of SWCNTs, fade out in sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and sonication on juvenile rainbow trout (0.1, 0.25 and 0.5 mg l-1 for 24 hours to 10 days) and they find a dose-dependent rise in ventilation rate, branchia pathologies (oedema, altered mucocytes, hyperplasia), and mucus secretion with SWCNT precipitation on the gill mucus. They as well observe a significant dose- dependent decrease in thiobarbituric blistering reactive substances (TBARS), especially in the gill, brain and coloured, which is an indication of aerophilous stress.Multi- walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were shown by Carrero-Sanchez et al. 16, to exhibit acute toxicity in rats with LD90 of 5 mg kg-1. Long MWCNTs were shown by Poland et al. 17 to cause significant inflammation and tissue damage in mice, spell shorter MWCNTs caused less inflammation, which adverts that CNT toxicity is influenced by the particle morphology. In addition, they cogitate that water-soluble components of MWCNT do not produce strong insurgent effects in mice.C60 FullerenesMost studies on the toxicological effects of C60 fullerenes suggest that these materials tend to induce oxidative stress in living organisms 18-21. Lai et al. 18 observed a significant plus in lipid peroxidation (LP) products (a sign of oxidative stress) after endovenous validation of 1 mg kg-1 C60 (OH)18 in manlike mongrel dogs. Oberdrster 19, 20 studied the effects of C60 fullerenes in the brain of juvenile largemouth bass bass and observed high LP levels (0.5 and 1 ppm for 48 h). Elevated LP was also observed by Zhu et al. 21 in the brain and gills of daphnia magna after exposure to hydroxylated C60 fullerenes (C60 (OH)24) and tetrahydrofuran (THF)- dissolved C60, as it was shown that THF did not contribute to the effect. Sayes et al. 22 detected an increase in the numbers of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)-recovered neutrophils (i.e., white blood cells) after intratracheal instillation of C60 and C60 (OH)24 in rats, 1 day after the exposure. They also observed a significant increase in LP values 1 week after the exposure. Accute effects of functionalized C60 were also inform . Zhu et al. 21 estimated LC100 in fathead minnow after exposure to 0.5 ppm of THF-dissolved C60 for 6-18 hours. subgenus Chen et al. 23 observed a LD50 of 600 mg kg-1 polyalkylsulfonated C60 in female rats after intraperitoneal administration (0- 2500 mg kg-1 for up to 2 weeks). Oberdrster 24 tested uncoat, water soluble, colloidal C60 fullerenes and estimated a Daphnid 48-hour LC50 of 800 ppb.Metal and Metal Oxide ENPsLi et al. 25 gear up that metal ENPs induce more severe lu ng toxicity in mice than bulk particles from the same materials. Gordon et al. 26 tested the effects on humans of exposure to zinc (Zn) ENPs. After 2 hours of exposure to 5 mg m-3 of Zn ENPs, the exposed individuals started feeling sore throat, knocker tightness, headache, fever and chills. Beckett et al. 27 repeated that test in three trials, 2 hours each, but at lower concentration (i.e., 500 ?g m-3), and found no indication of adverse effects. The latter two studies suggest that Zn ENPs toxicity is concentration- dependent and the most probable uptake path is through the respiratory system. A study of Sayes et al. 22 concluded that environmental exposure to Zn ENPs causes pulmonary (lung) inflammatory response in mice. Wang et al. 28 found that Zn ENPs can cause severe symptoms of lethargy, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, loss of body weight and even death in mice when gastrointestinally administered, whereas they observed limited effect for micro- scale Zn at equal concentrations . Yang and Watts 29 tested the effect of Aluminium (Al) ENPs on the relative root evolution (RRG) in Zea mays (corn), Glycine max (soybean), Brassica oleracea (cabbage), and Daucus carota (carrot). The study found that the ENPs significantly inhibited the growth of the plants after administration of 2 mg ml-1 for 24 h.Oberdrster 30 and Oberdrster et al. 31 observed that smaller TiO2 ENPs tend to cause more severe pulmonary damage in mice than big particles. In addition, Warheit et al., 32 found that smaller silicon dioxide (SiO2) particles cause stronger lung inflammation in rats than larger ones. Wang et al., 33 discover that the smaller the TiO2 particle size is, the greater the concentration in the liver of mice is. Bourrinet et al. 34 reported hypo performance, ataxia, emesis, exophthalmos, salivation, lacrimation, discolored and mucoid feces, injected sclera, and yellow eyes in dogs after single-dose intravenous bolus administration of 20 and 200 mg kg-1 FeO ENPs and a signi ficant increase in fetal skeletal malformations in rats and rabbits.In Vitro StudiesCarbon Nanotubes (CNTs)A number of cytotoxicity studies with SWCNTs were reported in the literature. Shvedova et al. 35 observed oxidative stress and cellular toxicity in human epidermal keratinocytes, after 2 to 18 hours exposure to unrefined (iron containing) SWCNTs in concentrations, ranging from 0.6 to 0.24 mg ml-1. Cui et al. 36 observed dose- and time- dependent prohibition era of cell proliferation and a decrease in cell adhesive ability in human embryo kidney cells after exposure to SWCNTs in concentrations between 0.8 and 200 ?g ml-1. Sayes et al. 37 found that the surface functionalization of SWCNTs plays an important role in their cytotoxicity towards human dermal fibroblasts. Bottini et al. 38 noticed that MWCNTs were more cytotoxic when oxized towards Jurkat T leukemia cells, whereas Monteriro-Riviere et al. 39 observed a decrease of the viability of human osteoblastic lines and human e pidermal keratinocytes after exposures to 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mg ml-1 of MWCNTs for 1 to 48 hours. Kang et al. 40 compared the cytotoxicity of commercially obtained MWCNTs in bacterial systems in the beginning and after physicochemical modification and they observed highest toxicity when the nanotubes were uncapped, debundled, short, and dispersed in solution. Kang et al. 40 concluded that there is need for careful documentation of the visible and chemical characteristics of CNTs, when reporting their toxicity.C60 FullerenesAdelman et al. 41 observed a reduction of the viability of bovine alveolar macrophages after exposure to sonicated C60 and increased levels of cytokine mediators of inflammation (i.e., IL-6, IL-8 and TNF), age Porter et al. 42 found that C60 and raw soot were not toxic towards bovine- and human alveolar macrophages. The reason behind the inconsistency between the results of Adelman et al. and Porter et al. can be attributed to the fact that they used very differ ent methods. Porter et al. used transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to image the distributions of the fullerenes within the macrophages, while Adelman et al. used a viability assay, based on metabolic activity as primary parameter.Studies on the effects of ENPs on alveolar macrophages are very important because the alveolar macrophages are the first line of cellular defense once morest respiratory pathogens 11, after 43. Yamawaki Iwai 44 observed dose-dependent cytotoxicity of C60 (OH)24 (1- 100 g ml-1 for 24 hours), resulting in decreased cell density and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release in human umbilical vein endothelial cells cavity (a sign of increase in non-viable cell numbers). Rouse et al. 45 observed a dose-dependent decrease in the viability of human epidermeal keratinocytes after exposure to C60- phenylalanine, as no contribution to the effect was attributed to the phenylalanine groups.Quantum Dots (QDs)The toxicity of QDs was found to be influenced by several fact ors (1) composition, (2) size, (3) surface weight down and (4) coating of the QDs 7, 46- 48. Jaiswal et al. 46 found that CdSe/ZnS QDs (i.e., CdSe QDs in a zinc sulfide (ZnS) matrix), cover with dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA) had no effect on mammalian cells, while Hoshino et al. 47 reported adverse effects on mouse lymphocytes after exposure to CdSe/ZnS QDs, coated with albumin. In addition, Lovrc et al. 48 observed that smaller (2.2 0.1 nm), positively charged QDs exhibit stronger cytotoxicity than larger (5.2 0.1 nm), equally charged QDs under the same conditions. It was also found that the cytotoxicity of QDs is influenced by the exposure to light and by temperature 49, 50. Green and Howman 49 observed 56% damaged DNA after exposure to CdSe/ZnS together with UV light versus only 29% after exposure to CdSe/Zn in the absence of UV light. Chang et al. 50 found that CdSe/CdS (i.e., CdSe QDs in a cadmium sulfide (CdS) matrix) were toxic to cancer cells at 37 C, but at 4 C they were no t toxic at all.Metal and Metal Oxide ENPsSayes et al. 51 found that anatase TiO2 ENPs are able to kill human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cells at LC50 of 3.6 ?g ml-1, while Wang et al. 52 observed decrease in the viability of human lymphoblastoid cells due to exposure to TiO2 ENPs (0-130 ?g ml-1 for 6-48 h). Chen Mikecz 53 found that SiO2 ENPs do significantly inhibit replication and placement in human epithelial HEp-2 cells (25 ?g ml-1 for 24 h). Muller et al. 54 observed that Fe3O4 ENPs, coated with dextran, decrease the viability of human monocyte macrophages. Alt et al. 55 found that nano-particulate silver (Ag) is an effective bactericide against S. epidermidis, while Baker et al. 56 noticed that it effectively kills E. coli bacteria too. Sayes et al. 57 observed an increase in the production of LDH levels (an indicator of inflammation) in immortalized rat lung epithelial cells after 1 hour exposure to Zn ENPs at 520 ?g cm-2.Limitations to Hazard Identification of ENPsIt is very important to note that the vast legal age of the reviewed studies demonstrate some degree of hazardous effects on the tested organisms. Toxicity has been reported for many ENPs, as shown in the previous sections, but for most of them further investigation and confirmation are needed before hazard can be identified. A lot of studies, relevant for HI, have been carried out with different ENPs, but most of them were obviously not meant to facilitate risk assessment they use non- standardised tests, differing greatly from each opposite in regard to endpoints, tested species, methods of administration, dose ranges and exposure periods 7. The lack of standardized testing results in non-reproducible results and makes the univocal HI of ENPs impossible.Another significant drawback for the HI of ENPs is the serious lack of characterization data, which makes it difficult to identify which physical and/or chemical characteristics (or combinations of characteristics) determine the hazards, d ocumented in the (eco)toxicological studies 12, 58, 59.Dose-Response AssessmentDose- response assessment (DRA) is defined as an estimation of the relationship between dose, or level of exposure to a substance, and the incidence and severity of an effect 10, after 11. It is the process of characterizing the relationship between the dose of an agent, administered to or received by an individual, and the incident adverse health effects.The Concept of DoseIn toxicological studies a dose is the quantity of anything that may be received by or administered to an organism. The dose is normally measured in plentifulness units (i.e., ?g, mg, g), as higher(prenominal) doses of the same compounds are expected to cause more severe adverse effects.DRA studies with ENPs, however, suggest that the toxicity of some ENPs is not mass-dependent, but influenced by other physico-chemical characteristics (e.g., surface area, chemical composition, particle morphology) 7, after 60. Oberdrster et al. 61 an d Stoeger et al. 62, 63 found that the toxicity of low-soluble ENPs was bring out described by their surface area than by their total mass 7, after 61, 62, 63. Wittmaack 64, 65 suggested the number of particles as the most appropriate dose metrics, while Warheit et al. 66, 67 found that toxicity of some ENPs was associated with the number of their surface functional groups. notwithstanding these findings, however, it is still largely unknown which properties influence the toxicity of most ENPs and this scatter in knowledge is partly attributable to the fact that the tested ENPs are seldom well characterized.Characterization of ENPsDeveloping understanding about the physical and chemical properties of substances and materials is fundamental for their risk assessment 59. Studying the standard properties (e.g., composition, structure, molecular weight, melting point, boiling point, vapor pressure, octanol-water partitioning coefficient, water solubility, activity, stability) is suff icient for the characterization of most chemical compounds. For ENPs, however, more profound investigation is needed and other properties, such as particle size distribution, sa/vol ratio, shape, electronic properties, surface characteristics, state of dispersion/agglomeration and conductivity need to be studied 5. The high complexity and great diversity of ENPs, however, make their characterization very difficult 59.As it can be inferred from the table above, most of the current research on the properties of ENPs is focused on the identification of metrics and associated methods for the measurement of ENPs and their properties. This type of research is fundamental in the sense that without reliable measurement methodology it would be impossible to develop good understanding of the physical and chemical properties of the ENPs. simply few comprehensive studies on the development of standard, well-characterised reference nanomaterials were published so far. To facilitate the appropr iate interpretation of testing results, it is essential to select translator sets of ENPs, characterize them and share them among laboratories worldwide.Exposure AssessmentExposure assessment (EA) is defined as an estimation of the concentrations/doses to which human populations (i.e., workers, consumers and man exposed indirectly via the environment) or environmental compartments (aquatic environment, terrestrial environment and channelize) are or may be exposed. 10, after 11. EA is a very important element in risk assessment of ENPs, since if no exposure to ENPs occur, it would be impossible that they cause any harm and there would be no risk at all. EA can be divided into three sub-areas (1) occupational exposure assessment (OEA), (2) environmental exposure assessment (EEA) (including indirect human exposure from the environment) and (3) consumer exposure assessment (CEA).Environmental Exposure AssessmentThe environment may be exposed to ENPs during all stages of their life-cyc les raw material production, transport and storage, industrial use (incl. affect and/or trade), consumer use, waste disposal (incl. waste treatment, landfill and recovery) 11 (Figure 2.).A very important element of the EEA of ENPs is the study of their environmental fate. The fate of ENPs, released in the environment is ascertain by their mobility in the different media (i.e., grease, water, air), as well as by their potential to biodegrade or undergo chemical transformation.Environmental Fate of ENPsIn order to determine the extent of environmental exposure to ENPs, it is necessary to understand their behavior in the environment. Until now, only a limited number of environmental fate studies with ENPs have been reported and the fundamental mechanisms behind their distribution are still not clearly understood (table 3).Fate of ENPs in glorioleThe fate of ENPs in the air is determined by three main factors (1) the duration of time particles watch airborne, (2) their interaction with other particles or molecules in the atmosphere and (3) the distance they are able to travel in the air 68. The processes important to understand the dynamics of ENPs in the atmosphere are diffusion, agglomeration, miserly and dry deposition and gravitational settling 68. These processes are relatively well understood from studying the air-suspended ultrafine particles and that knowledge can be applied to ENPs as well 69. In some cases, however, there can be significant differences in behavior between ENPs and ultrafine particles, especially when the latter cannot piling because they are coated 5.With respect to the duration of time ENPs stay in the air, it is considered that they may follow the laws of gaseous diffusion 70. The rate of diffusion is inversely comparative to the particle diameter and the rate of gravitational settling is proportional to it 70. It is generally considered that particles in the nanoscale (d 100nm) have shorter residence time in the air, compared to medium-sized particles (100nm d 2000nm), because they rapidly agglomerate into much larger particles and settle on the ground 71. Here again ENPs with anti-agglomerate coatings make an exception and their residence time cannot be predicted 71. It is considered that deposited ENPs are normally not likely to be re-suspended or re-aerosolized in the atmosphere 72, 70. many a(prenominal) nano- sized particles are photoactive 72, but it is still unknown whether they are temptable to photo abasement in the atmosphere. ENPs also show high absorption coefficients 69, and many of them can act as catalysts. However, no information is currently available on the interactions between ENPs and the chemicals they ab borrow, and how this interaction might influence atmospheric chemistry.Fate of ENPs in WaterThe fate of ENPs in water is determined by several factors (1) sedimentary solubility, (2) reactivity of the ENPs with the chemical environment and (3) their interaction with certain biolog ical processes 5. Because of their lower mass, ENPs generally settle more slowly to the bottom than larger particles of the same material 5. However, due to their high surface-area-to-mass ratios, ENPs readily sorb to soil and sediment particles and consequently are more liable to removal from the water column 73. Some ENPs might be subject to biotic and abiotic degradation, which can remove them from the water column as well. Abiotic degradation processes that may occur include hydrolysis and photocatalysis 72. Near to the surface ENPs are exposed to sunlight. It is likely that light-induced photoreactions can account for the removal of certain ENPs and for changing the chemical properties of others 72.In contrast to the removal processes mentioned above, some insoluble ENPs can be stabilized in aquatic environments. Hoon et al. 74 investigated the aqueous stability of MWCNTs in the presence of natural natural matter (NOM). MWCNTs were readily dispersed as an aqueous suspension an d remained stable for over 1 month. Hoon et al. 74 found that NOM is more effective in stabilise the MWCNTs in water than a solution of 1% sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), a commonly used surfactant to stabilize CNTs in the aqueous phase 74. The C60 fullerenes were found to spontaneously form insoluble, dense aqueous colloids of nanocrystalline aggregates and remain in the aqueous phase for long periods 5. Another known interaction, which can delay nanoparticle removal from the water column, is the absorption of humic acid. Sea surface microlayers, consisting of lipid-, carbohydrate- and protein-rich components along with naturally occurring colloids, made up of humic acid, may seize ENPs to their surfaces and transport them over long distances 75.Fate of ENPs in SoilThe behavior of ENPs in soil media can greatly vary, depending on the physical and chemical characteristics of the material. Some ENPs can strongly sorb to the soil particles and become in all inert and immobile 5. On the other hand, if ENPs do not sorb to the soil matrix, they might show even greater mobility than larger particles, because their small size might allow them to travel easily through the concentrate spaces between the soil particles. The possibility to sorb to soil and the respective sorption military capability of ENPs is influenced by their size, chemical composition and surface characteristics 5.Studies by Zhang 76, Lecoanet and Wiesner 77 and Lecoanet at al. 78 showed extensive differences in mobility of some insoluble ENPs in porous media. The properties of the soil, such as porosity and grain size, further influence the mobility of the particles. Just like the mineral colloids, the mobility of ENPs, agglomerated in colloid-like structures might be strongly affected by electrical charge differences in soils and sediments 76. Surface photoreactions might induce photochemical transformations on the soil surface 72.Biodegradation and Chemical Transformation of ENPsIn some cas es, the biological processes in the environment can lead to the complete degradation of ENPs and sometimes they can only change their physical and/or chemical properties 5. The mechanisms, which account for

Partnership in Health and Social Care

fusion in Health and Social CareLO3 3.1 Evaluate possible outcomes of coalition workings for users of serve ups, professionals and compositions.In all federations working for users of go, professionals and nerves, outcomes are positive and negative. exacting outcomes Partnership can result to situation where in committed employees leave save up reformd avails to the services users which will consequently improve their wellbeing. Positive outcomes are to improve services, empowerment, autonomy and informed decision making. For a positive union working, the service users will achieve the benefits of the alliance philosophies.Empowerment in health and amicable occupy means to authorize or alter the staff, the carry offtakers and the people who are being taken care of. This en certainly that everyone has the liberty to make their own choices depending on what works best for them. Good partnership relationship surrounded by various health and social care organisations will promote empowerment and independence in service users.Respect, we are sure that the patients and staff doesnt lose their individuality and are given the proper care required by them.Independence ensure that everyone has the independence to choose any(prenominal) they feel best suits for them. They are allowed to take decisions hence helping the prudence to come up with a plan which suits every individual.Negative outcomes for service users such as abuse, neglect, anger, miscommunication. Communication is the key while collaborating and it is the way to mint candy with services users. It is important to use the right communication skills when working in partnership with other organisations.Positive outcomes for professionals it will lead to a well-coordinated services provision. The positive working partnership between professionals has an impact on the organizations as all care professionals working together belong to disparate organizations, whence the effective partnersh ip creates an integrated service, allow staff to have a common approach, the same vision, shared provision and coherent working practices.3.2 fail the potential barriers to partnership working in health and social care services.Working in collaboration with other organizations is not an easy accident because it comes with different challenges.The potential barriers to working partnership in health and social care services can be noticed at different levels. For example, where in the organisation there is a culture of top-down counselling style rather than an open collaborative inter-professional with a focus on person centred approach.There is also a lack of competence, knowledge and skills between workers (unqualified social workers accomplishing the task of a qualified social worker) and lack of intelligence of intents and responsibilities.Power imbalances exist between the professions with each believing that working partnership will diminish their profession in some way or that they are more important than other therefore should be in charge or not want to share information to other. various practices and policies prima(p) to different priorities, attitudes and values, lack of training among partners on important issues. backup can also be a barrier for working partnership. An organisation may have more funding than other and believe that get together with other can impact on the way its budget is spent.The post of voluntary organizations and service users is often unclear. They feel like their need is taken into consideration and are not seen as partners.Barriers in working partnership are very common in health and social tether to tragic consequences and exposing more and more vulnerable people to abuse and neglect.3.3 Devices strategies to improve outcomes for partnership working in health and social care services. several(predicate) practices and policies leading to different priorities, attitudes and values, lack of training among partners on important issues. mount can also be a barrier for working partnership. An organisation may have more funding than other and believe that confluence with other can impact on the way its budget is spent.The role of voluntary organizations and service users is often unclear. They feel like their need is taken into consideration and are not seen as partners.Barriers in working partnership are very common in health and social leading to tragic consequences and exposing more and more vulnerable people to abuse and neglect.Empowerment. As health and social care professional empowering the service is very inhering to us. He makes the service users feel respected, involved in his care and a better partner in the working partnership process.Put the service user at the centre of what we do.Training is essential because it increases knowledge, define roles and responsibilities and integrate working strategies.Following of different legislations covering the health and social care services.

Risk Assessments in Child Protection

find sagaciousnesss in youngster ProtectionBefore the introduction of pretend judging methods in infant security measure in the 1980s the opinion and omen of nestlingren at approachingure from abuse was a capricious business sustenance workers had no theory, or methodological analysis and no strategy by which to delimitate which churlren were more at insecurity than others they worked almost in the dark. When pretend mind strategies were introduced their marvellous advant historic period was to give some orientation and means of prediction to kindly workers in their efforts to de confinesine which peasantren were at the highest essay. Moreover, in pre- run a jeopardize legal opinion eld, decisions around nestling protection were taken individu all toldy by scattered organizations and institutions without any inter-communication. The epic outcome of this lack of cohesion was often complete confusion somewhat which authority should make the decision ab out whether to and how to protect a child from abuse. try assessment deald much closer participation amidst confused agencies and therefore more effective and several(prenominal)istic protection c be for children. Risk assessment takes into consideration a number of bump factors that furbish up a child p bental, family, environmental etc., and analyzes these collectively to produce a do gamble overview. Risk assessment has evolved considerably since its introduction in the 1980s and various methods and theories of gamble assessment take in been experimented with this analyse looks at some(prenominal) of these methods, analyzing the relative worth of each. It excessively examines the introduction of schemes such as child protection conclaves and child protection plans and evaluates the improvements to child protection brought by these schemes. Finally, this essay will discuss the future or dangeriness assessment and its govern upon government policy and direction .Vulnerable children face five principal types of risk informal abuse, wound up abuse, institutional abuse, corporeal neglect, and non-organic chastening to dilate. This essay right away details and describes the implications for risk assessment of each of these types of abuse. The NSPCC gives the following definition of cozy abuse The sexual abuse of children whitethorn include sexual touching, masturbation, intercourse, unbecoming exposure, use of children in or showing children pornographic films or pictures, encouraging or forcing children into prostitution or encouraging or forcing children to witness sexual acts. Children and young people of all ages tramp be victims of abuse. (NSPCC). Children thus are at potential risk from all of the types of abuse described in the above quotation each of which, if undetected and unprevented causes a deep material and emotional trauma for the child. Physical abuse is delineate by the guinea pig Centre on Child affront and Ne glect as The physical injury or maltreatment of a child infra the age of eighteen by a person who is responsible for the childs social welfare under circumstances which indicate that the childs health or welfare is harmed or be thereby. Children may in addition encounter physical abuse by way of home(prenominal) violence, and this together with physical abuse is nationally adept the most frequently experienced types of abuse against children. The emotional abuse of children is defined by the Ameri arsehole National Committee for the measure of Child Abuse as a pattern of behaviour that attacks a childs emotional ripening and sense of self-worth. Emotional abuse includes excessive, aggressive or unreasonable demands that bespeak expectations on a child beyond his or her skill. Constant criticizing, belittling, insulting, rejecting and vexer are some of the forms these verbal attacks can take. Emotional abuse also includes failure to provide the psychological nurturing nece ssary for a childs psychological harvest-feast and festering providing no love, support or guidance (National Committee for the Prevention of Child Abuse, 1987). This definition and then describes the myriad forms of emotional abuse that children can be subjected to and thus the inherent difficulties of prediction and prevention in child protection. Non-organic failure to thrive is a further realistic risk that children are ex make up to. It is defined by the Lucy Packard Childrens Hospital as decelerated or arrested physical growth (height and weight measurements fall below the fifth percentile, or a downward change in growth across ii major growth percentiles) associated with poor developmental and emotional functioning. Non-organic failure to thrive is often difficult to detect, and risk assessment is vital to guarantee this detection. institutional abuse is also a broad term, moreover within its chain of mountains are included bullying, racial discrimination, dis might discrimination and many others.Risk assessment then has to draw together all of these potential risks and must consider factors that influence them. These factors include parenting capacity, child developmental needs, housing, the childs family and the childs environment. This essay presently discusses each of these factors succinctly in front describing the various methods used to assess them.Parenting capacity and the family environment are near connected as factors for assessment of possible risks to a child. A salubrious relationship surrounded by his/her parents and a stable family environment is extremely classic for the physical and emotional welfare of a child. When this healthy environment deteriorates because of domestic violence, paternal arguments, parental divorce, change of circumstances etc., the child is stupefy at a higher risk of abuse. The influence of extended family (grandparents, aunts/uncles, cousins etc.,) is likewise very considerable and must be co nsidered as a risk assessment factor. Child developmental needs refer to the needs of a child for access to education and social development, and for children with learning disabilities to get access to professional help and services. If this development is negatively affected in some way, then the risk to a child increases significantly. Poor quality housing is all the way a risk factor for the welfare of a child, incidently those with disabilities. Children with disabilities require special facilities and equipment, and all children require basic amenities and utilities depending upon the age and development of that child. Interior and exterior conditions, hygiene, sleeping environment, and local surroundings can all become risk factors if neglected or abused.This essay now examines the ternion dominant theories or methods of risk assessment in the past decennium of child protection the actuarial model and the theoretical-empirical approach.(1) Theoretical-Empirical (Consensus -Based) Models. Within the theoretical-empirical model risk is persistent according to a decided group of empirically grounded risk factors, and by these the social worker produces a total assessment of risk founded upon witnessed combinations of risk factors (Boer, Webster, 1997). Scientific query has demonstrated that the theoretical-empirical model achieves average prophetic success. (Epperson, 1998). The inherent difficulty of this method is that the fretfulness worker must play off identified risk factors into a recidivism likelihood. The model can therefore be argued to be undermined by its lack of integration of risk factors (Wolfe McGee, 1994) so all important(p) in child protection.Risk assessment for the theoretical-empirical model is founded upon theories about parental abuse of children. The classic model of this type was the Ecological Model of ill-treatment (Brofenbrenner 1979, Belsky, 1993). The conceit within this model is that numerous factors and the iden tification of risk factors determine the likelihood of abuse. The Ecological Model of Maltreatment considers risks related to children themselves, to caregivers, caregiver and child interaction, the family, and wider social and institutional factors. According to the theoretical-empirical model potential risk is determined in the investigation and influences case-choice at the get of the assessment process, during investigations, decisions about beginning cases, service strategy, child placement, and at the closure of cases.(2)PureActuarial Models. These models supply definite principles for incorporate risk factors (identified by retrospective empirically founded case reviews) into certain opportunity figures. The difference with such models is that they are non tethered to any particular theory of child abuse, or theory of parental abuse of children, but instead make use of all factors that are empirically linked to a risk assessment decision and put these in the assessment s cales nonetheless. An advantage of such models is that they give specific weights of scale to individual risk factors and so can be transformed into scales that show the important associations between risk proteans and the resolution of interest. Thus these associations imply that a particular variable is present, so too is the concomitant variable though one should not necessarily infer that one variable produces the other. Such a singularity is vital when evaluating whether the aim of risk assessment should be short term or long term prediction and prevention, and interference. Recent scientific investigation reveals that actuarial scales such as these are better at prediction of risk than clinical judgement usually is (Groove Meehl, 1996). Nonetheless, several authorities and risk assessment theoreticians puzzle implied that this actuarial superiority is establish upon inaccurate research (Serin, 1995). Sjosted and Grann (2002) have further questioned the methodology of act uarial models.(3)Clinically Adjusted Actuarial Models. The essential difference between pure actuarial models and clinically adjust actuarial models is that the later use an actuarial method to ascertain risk factors as determined by a risk scale, but a health check or care practitioner can vary the actuarial train plus or minus depending upon the factor of his clinical judgement. Thus clinically adjusted models place are more individualistic since they permit the cellular inclusion of possible individual risk factors that were unable to be documented empirically. in that location is much debate and argument about the strengths and weaknesses of these various methods. Within the actuarial school of purpose there is a separate question as to which of the pure actuarial models or the clinically adjusted actuarial models is superior. It is plausibly true to say that actuarial models (of both types) are now thought to provide greater accuracy of prediction of child risk than theore tical-empirically menaged models. Clinically adjusted actuarial models are argued to give the best results, cartel the advantages of an integrated risk assessment scale with the experience of a clinician and his skill to spot the individualistic risks in particular case that the model may not have noticed. The future of risk assessment perhaps lies then with a refinement of the clinically adjusted actuarial model. Important issues of methodology to be addressed include poor depend efficacy, validity of measures, dilemmas of terminology, lack of base rate tuition, incorporation of individualistic risks and sensitivity of investigation.In pre-risk assessment days a profound flaw of the child protection system was the failure of various independent agencies to pool together their skills and the knowledge they had acquired about the risk to a particular child inter-agency communication was poor, and as a consequence many children were harmed, or even killed, who might otherwise hav e been saved. The advent of risk assessment in child protection improved the co-ordination of information between professional care services, and the recent introduction of child protection conferences have led to a far greater and more efficient sharing of information between agencies. Child protection conferences are convened afterward social services and the police have made initial inquiries about the health of a child and then seek to extend these enquires. A child protection conference brings together all professionals concerned with the welfare of a child, and thus has the enormous advantage of bringing all possible helpful information together at the same time. The purpose of such conferences is to determine the welfare of the child, to evaluate the risk of physical or emotional harm to the child, and to decide whether the child should be transferred onto the Child Protection Register. Conferences also consider whether legal proceedings ought to be brought on behalf of the child, and whether the police are required to investigate a crime against the child. If it is felt necessary to put a child on the Child Protection Register, then the conference must also produce a Child Protection intend for the future welfare of the child. Such plans are essential because they explicitly assign what the responsibilities and duties are of each agency involved in the care of the child. The benefit and thoroughness of these conferences is enhanced by the practice of a follow-up conferences after trey months to determine progress, and then further conferences after six month intervals if necessary. Moreover, the inter-agency duologue introduced by child conferences greatly improves the chances of these professionals spotting a specific risk to a child that might be missed by individual agencies. Child protection conferences are vital then to ensure and tap the accuracy of individual risk assessments.In short, child protection conferences have improved enormously the co-operation and inter-communication of the various agencies involved in the care of a particular child and so reduced considerably the risk posed to that child. A further area that needs to be investigated by risk assessment is parental capacity to care for children. It is usually assumed that parents have a right to care for their children in all circumstances an idea influenced by the normal reluctance of British society to tolerate intense state intervention into private family life. It is believed that the state should remain at a distance, stepping in only in emergencies or cases of dire need. Professional care workers now argue however that this attitude of non-intervention often ignores the actual capacity of some parents to care for their children, particularly those with intensive needs. Thus this attitude can frequently threaten a childs safety and security. in store(predicate) risk assessment needs to develop a theoretical and applicatory model for possible stat e intervention in cases where parental ability to care for a child is suspect. The British government will be required to play a significant role here update existing jurisprudence and creating new strong legislation to allow for intervention by care services in the most high risk cases of child abuse. This demand upon the government is an outcome of the philosophy of risk now prevalent in the United Kingdom, where it is assumed that the government has the ability to forbid and prevent abuse and maltreatment and so the government is to be held to visor when this does not happen.In the final analysis, it must be seen that risk assessment for child protection has had an enormous success compared with the vacuum and capricious temperament of prediction and prevention that existed before its introduction. Care workers and clinicians now have a theoretical, empirical and practical model by which to best determine the various risks that affect vulnerable children. The future progress and evolution of risk assessment seems to lie with an actuarial model probably a clinically adjusted actuarial model. Such models at present appear to integrate risk factors most successfully and therefore to offer the best rates of prediction. This said, methodology needs to be thoroughly revised to evaluate and consider reliability of data, reliability of measures, integration of clinical opinion, individualistic risks etc., So too risk assessment needs to develop clear concepts and to push for government legislation to produce a model for state intervention into cases where parental ability to care for children is insufficient. Risk assessment theory must seek to characterize the attitude of the British public that assumes parental right to care is overbearing showing that in certain circumstances this is not the case.BIBLIOGRAPHY Books Journals Belsky, J. (1993). Etiology of Child Maltreatment A DevelopmentalEcological Analysis. Psychological Bulletin. Vol 114, No 3, 413 -434.Boer, D.P. Webster, C.D. (1997) Manual for the call forthual hysteria Risk 20. Vancouver, B.C. The British Colombia Institute Against Family Violence.Brofenbrenner, U. (1979). The Ecology of Human Development. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press.Corby, B. (1990) Risk discernment in Child Protection Work. International Conference of Risk Assessment in Child Protection.Epperson, D.L. (1998). Final Report on the Development of the Sex Offender Screening Tool Presentation at the Association for the give-and-take of Sexual Abusers. 17th Annual Conference.Groove, W.M. Meehl, P.E. (1996). Comparative Efficiency of Informal and ballock Predictive Procedures The Clinical-Statistical Controversy. Public Policy and Law, 2. 293-323. Kemshall, H. (2002). Risk, Social Policy and Welfare. Open University Press, Buckingham.Parsloe, P. (1999) (2001). Risk Assessment in Social Care and Social Work. Jessica Kingsley, London. Serin, R.C. (1995). Violent Recidivism in Criminal Psychopa ths. Law and Human Behaviour, 20, 207-217. Sjostedt, G, Grann, M. (2002). Risk Assessment What is Being Predicted by Actuarial Prediction Instruments. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health. Vol 1, No 2, 179-183.WebsitesNational Society for the Prevention of Cruelty Against Children, (NSPCC). www.nspcc.org.uk National Centre on Child Abuse and Neglect www.nccanch.acf.hhs.gov

Ethical Issues for Community Treatment Orders

Ethical Issues for lodge handling OrdersEkta Patel alliance discussion Orders refer to a legal order in which patients must unsay medical c atomic number 18 such as therapy, rehabilitations, management or deal classes, counselling or otherwise health go while lifespan in the public. The Community Treatment Order (CTO) accounts to serve patients with psychiatrical intervention plans that are essentially established by the patients psychiatric health provider. The CTO requires patients to assent with all conditions and terms of the order, therefrom, if non followed, they would be directed to a psychiatric health facility where essential care and sermon would be initiated. CTO give the sack be prepared for any time period for up to dozen months. This means that patients may have to comply with CTOs for more than just integrity sequential time.Section 7 on the Canadian Charter Rights of Freedom, low the Mental wellness Legislation, it states that life, liberty and secur ity of all citizens are of import principles of justice. Notwithstanding, honorable concerns arise because these rights of people are jeopardized with the forceful commitment and acceptation that psychiatric patients have to conform to when CTOs contend to play.There have been ethical controversies associated with the implementation of CTOs along with other forms of outpatient treatment regulations. The debate on the adequate mandatory care in the community reflects the unstable political, philosophical, and medical concerns. With the forced Community Treatment Orders options, it is said to force treatment amongst individuals seeking care, hence taking away their rights of having a choice. In short, CTOs place patient self-reliance at risk.The debate argues that this forceful treatment takes away the right of individuals to lower treatment for a psychiatric illness. This argument of limiting freedom amongst individuals with disturbances is not recent it has been a targeted is sue since the 1960s through the seventies. During the 1960s and 1970s the debate largely focused on the quarrel of involuntary inmate treatment and care. However, at present, the debate focuses on community based treatment, sway that CTOs serve to stop involuntary medical attention.With the implementation of CTOs, are some(prenominal) associated arguments. Firstly, CTO being involuntary, it breaks the norm of never forcing treatment amongst individuals. CTO aggravates forceful actions into the community. The implementation of CTO intensifies the grapple of defending patient rights within the community, thus neglecting other possible services that could be far more optimal in treating patients. Thirdly, we all inhabit that the overflow of inpatients and wait-times in health care facilities have experience a prime concern, and with the execution of CTOs, hospitals will be far more packed with non-adherent patients. Consequently, this reinforces long wait-times in Emergency subd ivisions and causes in-patient beds to be occupied more frequently, whence delaying and interrupting the quality of health services and care for other patients.From the perspective of psychic, Uri Geller, come people are deprived of their liberties in the attempt to give them psychiatric care. Occasionally, others are deprived of psychiatric care in the attempt to fortress their liberties. Supporters of CTOs argue that when people with psychological disturbances are given liberty, they could potentially become marginalized from getting crucial treatment required to benefit their health. Though this appraisal to some extent is accurate, there is a much riskier adverse deed associated with it. This is because, when patients are involuntarily treated for the specified amount of time chosen by psychiatrics, patients are required to take regular doses of antipsychotic medications. As a result of this, it can lead to severe long-term or short-term harmful side effects.Community Treat ment Orders have illustrated to take the number of victimized patients of abuse. CTO is a form of epistemic violence, because it involves ignoring individuals perspective, while declaring they are too sick to have a say. The implementation of CTOs is significantly increasing, yet it is argued that the result of CTOs does not validate the constraints that are compiled on a patients autonomy. intellect being, although coerce CTOs make the public feel secure and safe, it violates those, who are measly from psychiatric imbalances. This is because, they are not given the liberty and the right to prefer what type of treatment and care they would like to seek and are discriminated against. fit in to a randomized controlled trial, it was found that the number of patients readmitted did not differ as much between patients. Hence, it can be concluded that compulsory orders do not reduce the rate of hospital re-admission of psychiatric consumers. There is peculiar(a) evidence that proves that compulsory community treatments, including CTOs have achieved its medical goals, which was to decrease re-hospitalisation and plus attention towards medication and medical services. Instead, to improve community-based psychiatric services, psychiatrics or other medical specialists could arrange for regular patient testing, for example, frequent urine, and blood. This can succor specialists to have adequate patient information, allowing them to precisely determine optimal treatment plans.ReferencesAndrew, M., John, D., Julia, S., Jorun, R., Ksenija, Y., Maria, M., Merryn, V., Stefan, P., Tom, B. (2013). Community treatment orders for patients with psychosis (OCTET) a randomised controlled trial, Article, Volume 381, Page 1-7. Retrieved from http//www.the gig.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(13)60107-5.pdfBrenda A. L., Geoffrey., R., Robert, M. (Eds.). (2013). Mad Matters. Toronto, Ontario Candian Scholars Press Inc.Canadian Civil Liberties Association. (2015). Talking A bout Community Treatment Orders and Discrimination. Retrieved from https//ccla.org/talking-about-community-treatment-orders-and-discrimination/Dreezer, S., Bay, M., Hoff, D., Microlog (2007). Dreezer Dreezer Inc., Ontario Ministry of wellness and Long-Term Care Ebrary CEL York University, Report on the legislated suss out of community treatment orders, required under section 33.9 of the Mental Health Act. Toronto, Ont. Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care.Hutt, L., La Forest, G. V., Lahey, W. (2013) Independent Panel to follow-up the unwilling Psychiatric Treatment Act and Community Treatment Orders. Department of Health and Wellness, Canadian Electronic Library (Firm), Ebrary CEL York University. Report of the Independent Panel to Review the Involuntary Psychiatric Treatment Act and Community Treatment Orders. Department of Health and WellnessOffice of the Chief Psychiatrist. (2001). Community Treatment Orders A Review (PDF File). Retrieved from http//www.health. wa.gov.au/mha study/resources/documents/A_Review_of_CTOs_T_Rolfe.pdfR.A. Malatest Associates., Ontario. Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care., Canadian Electronic Library (Firm). (2012). The legislated review of community treatment orders Final report. Victoria, B.C. R.A. Malatest Associates Ltd..Richard O. (2004). Why Are Community Treatment Orders Controversial. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry- In Review, Volume 49 (9), Pages 1-6. https//ww1.cpa-apc.org/Publications/Archives/CJP/2004/ folk/oreilly.pdfRonan, M. The Community Treatment Order Clinical and Ethical Issues. (1998). Australian and tender Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, Volume 32, Pages 223-228. http//journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.3109/00048679809062732Steve, K., Katherine, H. (2014). An Updated Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Evidence for the Effectiveness of Community Treatment Orders. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Pages 1-4 http//journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/070674371405901010

Project Management and Leadership in Construction Company

scheme Management and Leadership in kink Comp eitherManagement there atomic number 18 several nonice elements that contri notwithstandinge to the succeeder of for each one musical arrangement good perplexity, inspirational break awaying, priggish service-orientation, and economic stability. To solar day, little emphasis is placed on the study of an g all overnment activitys infra organise, function, and employees behaviors as they relate to successful accomplishment of the judicatures earthly concern figures.Rather, these concepts atomic number 18 typic solely(prenominal)y interpreted at face value and authoritative for what they be. Employees fiddle and accomplish at a minimum what needs to be done. Within the last century or so studies relating to behavior in physical compositions began to increasingly emerge leaveing in the theoretical poser of this field. The three nigh notable facets of this framework includes scientific wariness, charitable relatio ns movement and bureaucratism. (Greenberg and Baron, p.12-14).This saucysprint will come through brief in ca-caation on the theoretical framework of an cheeks social structures which in turn will submit an overview of types of worry/ attractorship carriages, an estimate of the newfound York urban center segment of fig and verbal expressions (NYCDDC) style of centering, and my individualised concern preference.According to Greenberg and Baron, one of the early pioneers in the study of behavior in organizations, Frederick Winslow Taylor, an engineer, sought ways to lurch the ineptitudes of employees. His research, the concept of scientific charge, not only identified ways to foundation manual labor jobs more efficiently, but withal express cautiously selecting and training people to perform them. The second facet of the theoretical framework, the human relations movement, was founded by Elton W. Mayo, an organizational scientist and consultant.The human relations movement emphasized the social conditions existing in organizationsthe way employees are treated by management and the relationships they provoke with each some opposite influence job performance. Bureaucracy, the 3rd facet, was initiated by Max Weber, a sociologist. This form of organization is governed by a set of applied rules that conceal higher-ranking organization officials in snap of lower-ranking workers, who fulfill the duties assigned to them. (Greenberg and Baron, p.12-14)Today, at least one form of the theoretical framework lot be found in each existing organization, and, each form spots with a different type of management leaders style within the organization. So hence, what is management? Management, as delimit by the Merriam-Webster On agate line Dictionary as, the conducting or supervising of something (as a business or people). Management)Managers are endowed with the billet to lead their organization. They must(prenominal)iness share that power in conjunction with other leaders in other split of the organization and wield that power successfully over a blueprintated stave within the organizational hierarchy. Since no one individual is gifted with on the button knowledge on every topic, conductors must possess their own token area of expertise, have an sense of general organizational psychology, consistently wish creative thinking and innovative views on current issues facing the organization at different levels and guide (supervise) and motivate their group efficaciously on a predetermined path that will meet their corporate goals in order to insure the success of the entire organization.But not altogether motorcoachs supervise their stave in the same way. The different management leadership styles are tell in the some(prenominal) Managers Desk grapheme by Penguin Group, Inc. Some of the styles include dictatorship, the almost democracy, the league and the transformational leadership. According to the Every M anagers Desk ReferenceIn a dictatorship, managers, tend to keep stopping point- making powers and most critical knowledge to themselves. In the almost democracy, the leader strives to come sure the group is sound informed and participating in the direction of the team as a whole. In a partnership, the lines amid the leader and the members of the group are blurred. The leader becomes just one of the group. And, in the case of the transformational leader, the leader goes beyond trying to keep individuals and team perform at the status quohe/she is .one who has the power to remove about change in team members and the organization as a whole. (Penguin Group, Inc., p. 309-312)The theoretical framework and management style apply by an organization determines whether or not it is effectively leading its ply, enhancing and improving the morale and the over on the whole work environment and, at that placeby increasing productivity and output quality by employees.Based on some of the characteristics listed by Greenberg and Baron, which includes, Formal rules and regulations Division of Labor Hierarchical structure Authority structure, etc (Greenberg and Baron, p.14), the theoretical framework employed by the NYCDDC is that of a bureaucracy and a leading leadership style of management. Under a leading leadership, the managers give specific guidance to their subordinates. However, there are limitations associated with the directive leadership style of management because it poop be redundant, less effective and send word reduce a workers satisfactions. (12 Manage Premium, 2009) Additionally, adherence to the way of lifes policies and procedures are a strict assumement.There is also a partnership style that applies within the NYCDDCs various course of studys/ units. It is essential for all units of the authority to work cohesively unneurotic to ensure the self-assurances tutelage, goals and object lens of safe, successful, and expeditious completion of take ins are met.The day to day management of some(prenominal) organization is one of the most essential factors that will either result in the success of that organization or to its eventual demise. In restrain of the above statement, Chris Lauer, in his book, The Management Gurus, states, Who you are determines what you hitch and the way you see itand who you are determines how you see others. (Lauer, p 8) Although, the self-confidence employs the directive leadership method, the style of management most applicable to my personality is, the almost democracy. My work moral principle parallels the basic characteristics of this style.I encourage participation from all team members and satisfying their opinions in setting new goals, procedures and direction for the unit. (Penguin Group, Inc., p.310-311) This form of management creates a trusting environment betwixt management and staff because it welcomes and encourages communication of staff views and ideas. All viable ideas are returnly considered. With this style, all presumption team is motivated to do what is trump out for the team and for the organization as a whole while displaying adaptability and openness to ideas from peers.This style of management declares that an open line of communication is imperative to the successful relationship between management and staff, but, notes that management is still the leader and must have the lowest say on any matter without be necessarily obligated to explain its decisions.An assessment of my work ethic corroborate that I utilize the almost elected style of management when managing my group. My overall personality characteristics reflect openness. I freely admit to not being knowledgeable in every topic. I welcome, encourage and respect the views of others. I corporation explain decisions I make without hesitation should they come into question. But, I have no difficultly asserting my enjoyment as the manager of my group.Overall, I believe that a strong work ethic, two-way communications, an innate trust and a shared common goal to succeed are key principles for positive group dynamics. I also strongly acknowledge individual success and outstanding performances as well as the shared success of the group. I believe that when the manager shares his/her success with the whole team the relationship between management and staff is reinforced and enhanced.The almost democratic style of management has its drawbacks. The line between management and staff can be precarious at epochs. For example, the staff can develop several creative ideas and suggestions concerning how to improve and increase employee morale. Although some suggestions can and will be taken into consideration and possibly utilized, a add member of the team might feel slighted if his or her idea is not adopted. That employee might possibly be offended by the final decision made by management which might result in that employee imprint less motivated.In conclusio n, the theoretical framework of management I have outlined acknowledges the three organizational structures scientific management or division of labor human relations movement or people point and, the bureaucratic method where managerial emphasis is placed on policies and procedures to mellow the organization. Along with these facets an array of management styles have been established and employed by managers throughout time. While the NYCDDC employs the bureaucratic management framework and the directive leadership and partnership styles of management, I follow the same organizational framework, but utilize the almost democratic style of management.However, I also, acknowledge that no manager can agree to use only one style of management at all times. Different situations, different groups of people and different tasks require different management styles at any given time. Deviation from the average will be necessary for success to be accomplished. But, overall, a manager who ten ds to stay true to what kit and caboodle best for them and his/her subordinates will be viewed as consistent and reliable. My intentions are, whenever possible, to stay true to myself and my staff.The OrganizationAs markd by Jerald Greenberg and Robert Baron in their book, Behavior in Organizations, an organization is a structured social agreement consisting of groups and individuals functional together to meet some agreed-upon objectives. (Greenberg Baron, p.5)However, an organization is much more complex than what this simplistic definition seems to imply. Because it is a guild of persons working together, the internal management of the individual steps necessary to break the overall goals of the organization and the abilities of the managers and specialized workers are intrinsically linked together in order to determine the success or failure of that organization. The vegetable marrow of any organization lies within its substructure.HistoryThe wise York City division of Design and reflection (NYCDDC) was established in 1996, with the objective of providing end and face expertise to over 20 City agencies. (10th Anniversary Magazine Supplement, DDC, 1996, p.1) When primitively established and this practice continues to date, the situation is a cultivated theatrical performance with the majority of its employees coming from two sister urban center agencies the saucy York City incision of pane (NYCDOT) and the untested York City discussion section of environmental Protection. (NYCDEP)The NYC Department of Transportation (NYCDOT) City authorization responsible for any work think to bridge over and roadways, including the rehabilitation and re anatomical structure of them. The NYC Department of Environmental Protection (NYCDEP) City agency responsible for any work related to urine mains, storm and hearty sewers, including the rehabilitation and reconstruction of them. The relationship among these three agencies is that the NYCDDC i s the managing agency for the NYCDOT and NYCDEP moulds dealing with design and construction related to roadways, sewers, water mains, correctional and court facilities cultural institutions libraries and other worldly concern building, facilities and structures (DDC, 2006, p.ii)Management Philosophy/StyleThe rising York City Department of Design and verbalism (NYCDDC) employs over 1,200 employees in numerous professions, including architects, engineers, estimators, exteriorise managers, communications and community outreach, auditors and outside consultants. The scope of responsibilities of the 1,200 plus employees is divided into two groups Design and Construction the Design mental faculty covers all five boroughs while the Construction Staff is divided into divisions Infrastructure and Structure Divisions. The Infrastructure and Structure Divisions staff are divided into New York Citys five boroughs Brooklyn, Bronx, Queens, invoken Island and Manhattan. Although, there is a n overall leadership team for the agency, each borough consists of a borough coach that administers the day to day outgrowths of his/her respective borough.Although some materials covered in this account are reflective on the NYCDDC as a whole entity, but, the autochthonic focusing will be on the Infrastructure Division.The NYCDDC headquarters is set(p) in Queens at 30-30 Thomson Avenue, Long Island City, New York, 11101, where it currently occupies quatern floors the 1st, 3rd, 4th, and 5th floors.While there is an overall bureaucratic management structure that governs the agency and because of the physical structure of the agency, various management philosophies are employed at the headquarters location and the satellite or borough offices. Yet these different, but cohesive, philosophies are essential for the successful governance of the agency. For example, there is a directive leadership that governs the overall agency structure, but, also evident is a partnership amongst units such as the Design and the constituent of residential area Outreach and presentment unit of measurements.guiding leadership is the overall management style of the NYCDDC. Direction and management decisions come from the top and trickle down the organizational chart from management to key supervisory staff. This is internally the same for each unit within the agency and is based on the policies and procedures that must be followed.For example each borough has a arrange of command that is headed by the Borough film director. He/she directs his/her immediate staff (Deputy Borough Director and Borough level staff) on agency philosophy, key initiatives, changes or supplements to current form _or_ system of government as well as what to do and how to perform their duties/tasks. These directives are then passed on to the Engineers-In-Charge, then onto the project support staff.The Borough Director oversees all projects in his/her borough and come throughs the consent/approva l for most day to day feats. In addition, the borough director also has a chain of command that must be followed. received decisions/approvals have to be reviewed by subordinates as they travel up his/her chain of command Assistant Commissioner, Associate Commissioner, Deputy Commissioner, and Commissioner. The numbers of approvals that are required from the members of the hierarchy depend on the scope of the issue.The Office of Community Outreach and Notifications (OCON) staff are comprised of the Director, Deputy Director, Citywide Construction Liaisons, Community Board and Small Business Service Liaisons, Executive Assistant and in writing(p) Artist. They work in tandem with each of the Borough Offices Staff Director, Deputy Directory, Engineers-In-Charge, Resident Engineers, Project Liaisons, and Office Management. This direct partnership between the two entities facilitates the exchange of culture necessary to keep all individual projects moving forward. This partnership also helps to consider and eliminate any and all complaints and concerns of the touched communities where the work will be or is being performed. foreign missionThe New York City Department of Design and Constructions (NYCDDC) mission, To demo The Citys Construction Project In A Safe, Expeditious, And cost-efficient Manner While Maintaining The Highest Degree Of Architectural Engineering, And Construction Quality.(DDC, 2006, p.i)With such an overreaching and specific mission statement, all of the organizations personnel must strive on a daily basis to meet the sound goals and objectives set forth by the agency.GoalsA goal is delimitate define as, the end toward which effort is directed. (Goal. 2009) The goals of the NYCDDC are, to build and upgrade the infrastructure and world spaces provided by local government in order to ensure the health, safety as well as the economy of the City of New York.ObjectivesObjectives are defined as, something that ones efforts or actions are in tended to attain or accomplish drive goal target. (Houghton Mifflin Company, 1995) The objectives of the NYCDDC are, to continue to achieve and maintain excellence in design and construction while adhering to safety and quality standards.The NYCDDC achieves its goals and objectives by continually recruiting and employing exceedingly trained and certified professionals of all disciplines including engineering, architecture, construction management and administration. (DDC, 2006, p.ii)Internal Systems Strengths and WeaknessesFor any organization to succeed it is equally important to provide excellent goods and operate to its clients while reviewing and addressing elements its internal infrastructure-the strength and weaknesses of the organization and its personnel.Human Resources Paid and owing(predicate)The New York City Department of Design and Construction (NYCDDC) currently staffs nearly 1,200 plus paid employees providing skills needed to execute the daily requirements of pr ojects in the design and construction phases in a timely and efficient manner. In addition to its full-time paid personnel, the agency also offers both paid and recreational summer internships to students in all areas of the agencys current working environment.General consensus among workers is they are underpaid and overworked. Employees of NYC agencies are hired under a particular proposition style that comes with an associated salary range. The same rule of thumb applies when employed by the NYCDDC. An employees salary is based on the range to which that title has a minimum and maximum amount if through an employees tenure that he or she max out at the range and still in the position hired then he or she will prevail at that salary until their unions get involved.The Citys employee unions attempt to deal its members with percentage and cost of living raises as contracts are renegotiated. Merit raises are sometimes awarded, although, they are few and far in-between. There are make when employees are asked to perform tasks beyond their normal required duties. In these cases grievances are usually filed in order to be compensated for out of title work. Additionally, employees of NYC agencies enjoy good job security as it is rare that city workers are removed from their positions.Interns at the NYCDDC experience a cross department of the daily tasks performed at the agency. These internships can often result in promoting the appetency of a potential engineer or architect, or changing the focus to a completely different specialty or field.Committees and/or BoardsThe New York City Department of Design and Construction (NYCDDC) perform its duties under a chain-of-command organizational chart that intelligibly delineates the units, ranking of officials and the required approval process. participate I illustrate the overall chain of command for the agencys various units and Figure II illustrates the overall chain-of-command for the NYCDDC Infrastructure Divi sions OCON unit. (See Appendix for the NYCDDCs Organizational Charts).The NYCDDCs strength lies in the vested time in developing and maintaining its infrastructure so that the agency could meet its goals and requirements without confusion or question of direct authority. However, the agencys weakness is noted when at times, even in a structured environment, that things can be overlooked or tasks mistakenly believed to be the responsibilities of another department.Formal And free GroupsSeveral formal groups exist at the New York City Department of Design and Construction (NYCDDC) which enhances the overall environment of the agency. These groups include Design and Construction Procurement work or the Agency Chief Contracting officeholder (ACCO). This group is responsible for ensuring that the NYCDDC procures goods, services and construction in conformance with City regulations. (DDC, 2006. p.31) The Project Review Service Unit consists of the agencys architects and engineers who provide the creativity and oversight of a project in the design stages. The Office of Sustainable Design unit identifies and implements cost-effective ways to promote great environmental responsibility in building design. (DDC, 2006. p.31)The Research and Development Unit studies innovative technologies, construction materials, methodologies and management strategies to improve the design and construction of buildings and infrastructure in New York City. (DDC, 2006, p.31) The Performance Metrics is when the NYCDDC utilizes the Key Performance index finger (KPI) program to process theInter-related databases that maintain information about the agencys projects, contracts, payments and support functions, as well as a multi-level reporting system which extracts data on critical processes in the agencys direct divisions and presents it in an easy-to-read, yet comprehensive format. (DDC, 2006, p.31)The Quality Assurance and Construction base hit Unit oversees that safety procedure are adhered to in every chance of the project for all of the agencys projects. The Geographical Information Services whole kit and boodle with and utilizes the Geographic Information System (GIS). This system allows the agency to clearly oversee the project dimensions of all projects locations on an electronic map and allows the agency to charm coordinate their work with other entities. The Technical Supports group works prior to the onset of construction.They conduct investigations, monitor and provide information on asbestos, lead, and other environmental contaminantsprovide research, analyses and survey preparation for property-line, damage and acquisition, new buildings and all roadway, water and sewer projects. (DDC, 2006, p.31) The Percent for Art Unit works with the NYC Department of Cultural Affairs to integrate arts into a project scope. And, the Peer Review program promotes and enables review and open discussion from the agencys staff on design issues. (DDC, 2006, p.31)Info rmal GroupsWhether at the New York City Department of Design and Construction (NYCDDC) headquarter office or at the borough office level, the agency encourages frequent informal group discussions. Among the groups are the dejeuner groups who meet on a daily basis to discuss socio-political-economical issues and the heathenish groups that celebrate religious and national milestones, etc.The strength of the NYCDDC lies both in its employees and in the groups listed above. The presence of both the formal and informal groups enhances, strengthens and excites the overall agency culture. The experience of attending these groups helps to encourage and educate all staff members to address the myriad of concerns the agency faces and promotes cultural diversity this ensures that each employee feels welcome and original as part of his/her work environment. This acceptance helps to alleviate employee stress.As with any organization with such a varied cross-section of personnel, the weaknesse s lies in conflicts of legion(predicate) kinds that can occur especially when employees allow personal issues to overrule their professionalism. Therefore, for that organization to be successful it must rely heavily on each individual staff member pulling his/her weight and performing to the best of his/her ability.Material ResourcesThe New York City Department of Design and Construction (NYCDDC) provide an array of free public information materials for the communities they serve and educational materials for its employees. foregoing to the onset and for the duration of most projects, the NYCDDC-Office of Community Outreach and Notification (OCON) releases several public information printed resource materials including Start-Up Advisory Notice which provides essential project information distributed to all unnatural parties prior to the onset of any project Project Brochure is the medium used to provide a detailed overview of the project Bi-Monthly Newsletters provides an update o n the project status Work Operation Notices provides all affected parties with work operations that may affect their daily routines including water shut-offs and so forth Bus Cards are handouts that provides information to affected bus rides if a bus route will be affected because of a project and so forth.The education materials are designed to provide NYCDDC employees with essential information. Some materials include Employees Manual which Provides employees with all the essential rules for being a successful employee of the agency the Design Consultant Guide provides critical information including the goals and objectives on the design phases for all of the agency structures projects the Design Construction Excellence How the City is Improving its Capital Program is a take that provides a review and explains the policy changes that were implemented and provides information of design and construction projects.The NYCDDC is a proactive agency that provides the community and its employees with an array of vital information and assistance. This sensitivity illustrates how important the agency values its image and credibility. A major concern is that the information provided to the user is easily accessible, comprehensive and understood by all. A weakness that applies is a manual should be applicable and understanding to all the agencys personnel rather than a selected group.Constraints collect to its configuration, the New York City Department of Design and Construction (NYCDDC) have both structural and human constraints.Structural.The NYCDDC currently occupies by means of rental, four floors at its current location and has five respective borough offices. This is a costly movement for the agency because it has occupancy is five borough offices rather than one.Human (Political, Relationships)The NYCDDC currently employees over 1,200 employees in its overall structure. There are some noted political affiliations for example, the agencys Commissioner is appo inted by the Mayor of the City of New York. More of than not, if an employee can assist in any means to keep advance the career of a friend, associate, acquaintance, then that employee will assist in what means he or she can.There are often computer programming conflicts when planning meetings. These conflicts lead to delays in actions that may need to be taken thus inhibiting the progression of an issue. Additionally, because of the locations of most of the borough offices, traffic and parking are major issues. Because of the five borough offices, more often than not, relationships are formed through emails and telephones. Therefore, personal contact with coworkers is being eradicated at a hasty pace.Relationship To orthogonal SystemsCollaborative Agreement with Outside Agencies on City/ Local State and Federal Levels.The New York City Department of Design and Construction (NYCDDC) has and maintain collaborative relationships with many municipal entities. These collaborations ar e essential to the daily operation of the agencys work flow and for the successful completion of projects. The NYCDDC receives musical accompaniment from these entities based on the client agencys annual figure allowances and its specific objectives to be achieved. Accurate accounting is kept of how the monies are spent. There are times when an overrun will occur and additional property are necessary for the completion of a project an under-run also can occur when funds remain after the completion of a project.The municipalities, the NYCDDC collaborates which includes the NYC controller keeps count of all finances and provides oversight to ensure the proper honest procedures are being adhered to.The Borough Presidents and the NYC Council are entities that collaborate with the agencys project management on issues dealing with land and zoning matters or if these entities funded any project within their borough or district.The Client Agencies include several foreign agencies that work with the NYCDDC these international agencies includes the twenty plus NYC agency clients including Departments of Childrens Services, Environmental Protection, Parks and Recreation, Transportation and so forth NYS Office of Court garbage disposal Office of the Chief Medical Examiner New York, Queens and Brooklyn existence Libraries, and so forth where the NYCDDC manages the projects from the initial steps in design to the final stages in construction for the projects set forth by these agencies.The Mayors Office of Management and Budget provides the NYCDDC with services ensuring all finance related issues dealing with a project are dealt with properly and without conflicts.The NYCDOB is the city agency that provides the NYCDDC with any/all necessary and applicable permits for some projects to occur.The Mayors Office of Contract Services ensures that any project bidding operation is done in a fair manner with an open contention amongst contractors providing the opportunity f or no conflicts of interest to happen.The NYCDDC collaborates with the fifty-nine NYC Community Boards to hold public meetings with their constituents when a project is being planned for their community. At these meetings, residents are given a presentation about the project and its impact on the community. An open forum follows so that concerns and opinions are addressed.The Utilities companies gas, electric, cable and telephone services is a very vital relationship. Clear, proactive cooperation ensures the progression of the project and limits the opportunity for problems environ limiting/eliminating services to their constituents.The NYCDDCs OCON Unit is a proactive unit that reaches out to affected communities, ameliorates problems and concerns and addresses all public inquiries.The NYDDC collaborates with the NYC Art Commission to bring approved public arts to the appropriate projects. (DDC, 2006, p.29)The history, management philosophy, mission, internal and external systems all play vital roles in the structure of any organization. These entities must interact, have a directional flow and coexist with each other for the day to day operations of the organization to proceed smoothly. Since there are times when conflicts arise, it is imperative that such issues be dealt with properly and in an appropriate manner. For example, failure to hire the appropriate personnel can and will lead to the cliff in the services the agency aims to provide to its clients hence, a decrease in the credibility of not only the employees but the reputation of the agency.The NYCDDC has a proven reputation for providing excellent goods and services to its clients. Its leadership role in implementing new facets of technologies and its innovative thinking when applying new management models into the agencys overall infrastructure clearly enhance its ability to accomplish its mission statement.The Target Service AreaFor any business or organization to succeed in providing the pro fessional services it offers, it first must assess, try and fully understand the service area(s) and the target audience(s) it hopes to provide its services to. The New York City Department of Design and Construction (NYCDDC) services the five boroughs of New York City by building and upgrading the Citys infrastructure and public spaces. (